Table 2.
Hazard ratios (HR)† of cancer and mortality in the EPIC-Italy cohort in relation to quintiles of energy-adjusted dietary glycemic index (GI). (5112 cancers, 2460 deaths, median follow-up 14.9 years).
| Cancer | N cases | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | P trend§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |||
| Tongue | 76 | 1 | 0.68 | (0.34–1.36) | 0.86 | (0.45–1.64) | 0.54 | (0.25–1.13) | 0.69 | (0.35–1.39) | 0.230 |
| Stomach | 146 | 1 | 0.72 | (0.44–1.17) | 0.90 | (0.56–1.43) | 0.52 | (0.30–0.91) | 0.66 | (0.40–1.12) | 0.065 |
| Colon | 441 | 1 | 1.21 | (0.89–1.66) | 1.18 | (0.86–1.62) | 1.18 | (0.86–1.62) | 1.48 | (1.09–2.01) | 0.027 |
| Rectum | 102 | 1 | 1.58 | (0.87–2.86) | 1.18 | (0.62–2.22) | 1.08 | (0.56–2.09) | 0.90 | (0.45–1.79) | 0.413 |
| Liver | 70 | 1 | 0.75 | (0.36–1.58) | 1.17 | (0.60–2.28) | 0.71 | (0.33–1.52) | 0.57 | (0.26–1.29) | 0.221 |
| Pancreas | 117 | 1 | 0.84 | (0.48–1.46) | 0.70 | (0.38–1.25) | 1.06 | (0.62–1.83) | 0.85 | (0.48–1.52) | 0.893 |
| Lung | 307 | 1 | 0.95 | (0.65–1.38) | 1.10 | (0.75–1.62) | 0.82 | (0.53–1.27) | 0.88 | (0.53–1.46) | 0.486 |
| Melanoma | 194 | 1 | 1.68 | (1.05–2.69) | 1.68 | (1.05–2.71) | 1.39 | (0.84–2.30) | 1.51 | (0.91–2.48) | 0.312 |
| Breast | 1362 | 1 | 0.91 | (0.77–1.07) | 1.00 | (0.85–1.18) | 0.98 | (0.82–1.16) | 1.00 | (0.84–1.19) | 0.744 |
| Cervix | 53 | 1 | 2.86 | (1.13–7.29) | 0.84 | (0.26–2.79) | 2.43 | (0.91–6.44) | 1.99 | (0.71–5.55) | 0.398 |
| Endometrium | 203 | 1 | 1.34 | (0.89–2.01) | 0.77 | (0.48–1.23) | 0.95 | (0.60–1.50) | 1.05 | (0.67–1.63) | 0.597 |
| Ovary | 135 | 1 | 1.14 | (0.70–1.88) | 1.02 | (0.60–1.71) | 0.75 | (0.42–1.34) | 0.78 | (0.44–1.39) | 0.180 |
| Prostate | 481 | 1 | 0.92 | (0.68–1.23) | 1.10 | (0.83–1.46) | 1.08 | (0.81–1.43) | 1.13 | (0.84–1.51) | 0.235 |
| Bladder | 251 | 1 | 1.17 | (0.76–1.78) | 1.08 | (0.71–1.66) | 1.28 | (0.85–1.93) | 1.51 | (1.01–2.25) | 0.042 |
| Kidney | 136 | 1 | 1.06 | (0.66–1.72) | 0.62 | (0.35–1.10) | 0.58 | (0.32–1.05) | 1.19 | (0.72–1.96) | 0.759 |
| Meninges | 75 | 1 | 0.78 | (0.34–1.76) | 1.37 | (0.67–2.81) | 1.47 | (0.71–3.03) | 1.45 | (0.69–3.02) | 0.125 |
| Brain | 95 | 1 | 1.33 | (0.69–2.57) | 1.40 | (0.73–2.70) | 1.57 | (0.82–3.01) | 0.99 | (0.48–2.04) | 0.805 |
| Thyroid | 132 | 1 | 1.21 | (0.72–2.04) | 0.65 | (0.35–1.21) | 1.24 | (0.73–2.11) | 0.90 | (0.50–1.60) | 0.783 |
| Lymphomas | 106 | 1 | 1.13 | (0.64–1.98) | 0.78 | (0.41–1.45) | 0.90 | (0.49–1.66) | 0.92 | (0.50–1.70) | 0.565 |
| Myeloma | 72 | 1 | 1.16 | (0.56–2.38) | 0.85 | (0.39–1.86) | 0.54 | (0.22–1.30) | 1.37 | (0.68–2.78) | 0.829 |
| All cancers combined | 5112 | 1 | 1.06 | (0.97–1.15) | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 1.06 | (0.97–1.16) | 0.332 |
| DRC* | 2449 | 1 | 1.01 | (0.89–1.15) | 1.02 | (0.90–1.16) | 1.04 | (0.92–1.19) | 1.10 | (0.96–1.25) | 0.141 |
| Mortality | 2460 | 1 | 1.07 | (0.94–1.22) | 1.07 | (0.94–1.22) | 1.10 | (0.97–1.25) | 1.06 | (0.93–1.20) | 0.350 |
†Stratified by food frequency questionnaire and adjusted for sex, education, smoking status, BMI, alcohol intake, fibre intake, saturated fat intake, non-alcohol energy intake and physical activity; §Tests for linear trend were calculated after assigning an ordinal number to each quintile. *Diabetes-related cancers.