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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9750. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09649-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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FEA of D. longicephala (A) CLSM projections of uninduced and induced form of D. longicephala. The red x indicates the region of max lateral width, in where the models were loaded for the simulations. (B) Heat maps of deformation and stress distribution in an uninduced animal model, loaded with a force of 1 mN. (C) Heat maps of deformation and stress distribution in an induced animal model (D) Heat maps of deformation and stress distribution in an uninduced model provided with the material properties of an induced animal. (E) Heat maps of deformation and stress distribution in an induced animal’s model with the material properties of an uninduced animal. (F) Empirical data of structural Young’s-modulus and critical force for uninduced and induced animals measured using a microindenter. (t-test, for structural Young’s-modulus measurement n (uninduced) = 83, n (induced) = 62; for critical force measurement n (uninduced) = 28, n (induced) = 18; Level of significance: *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.005).