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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9737. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09935-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cooperation rates and strategies in a private monitoring system with different mutation rate, μ. Each dot reflects an average of 100 trials after 30 generations with five values of μ. (a) staying, (b) simple-standing, (c) image-scoring, (d) stern-judging, and (e) shunning. The error bars represent one standard deviation of the data. In the initial population, 10% are unconditional cooperators, 10% are unconditional defectors, and 80% are discriminators. The parameter values are N = 100, q = 0.01, b = 3, c = 1, e ₁ = 0.03, e ₂ = 0.03, T = 100,000, T _s = 90,000, and β = 3.