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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9841. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09741-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cells on a corrugated surface experience cell-cell interactions and an instability force generated by surface roughness, whereby cells, at the early time of adhesion, move and deform their membrane to adapt to surface profile (a). Initial and steady state solution of cell density for different values of surface instability force relative to cell-cell adhesion force (b). Cells form isolated groups of cells if the surface instability force relative to cell-cell adhesion force is greater than one (c).