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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9815. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10168-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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FXR activation protects mitochondrial function and structure and inhibits ER stress during I/R-induced injury. (A–C) Representative images showing immunostaining for (A) Tomm20, (B) SDHA and (C) Grp78 on renal sections from (a) sham, (b) I/R and (c) I/R + ECDCA groups (scale bar 50 μm). Note all three protein markers are localized in proximal tubules. (D–F) Quantitative analysis of (D) SDHA staining per high power field, quantitative analysis of (E) mitochondrial number and (F) mitochondrial area. n = 6 mice/group. Data are means ± SEM, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s test. *p < 0.05. (G) Markers for oxidative and ER stress in normal and preimplantation human renal biopsy specimens. Shown are representative images of immunostaining for (a and d) 4-HNE, and (b and e) GRP78 in kidney specimens obtained from (a and b) normal biopsies and (d and e) preimplantation biopsies (magnification 400x). (c and f) CHOP in kidney specimens obtained from (c) normal biopsies and (f) preimplantation biopsies (scale bar 100 μm).