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. 2017 Aug 29;7:9720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10069-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expansion of large cell colonies. (A,C) Ensemble average intercellular force kymographs of expanding cell colonies in the absence (A) and presence (C) of cell proliferation. (B) Probability of colony breakage in the absence of cell proliferation as a function of the distance from the edge of the colony. (D) Spatial profile of traction forces from the edge of the colony in the presence of cell proliferation. (E) Ensemble average cell proliferation kymograph showing spatiotemporal variations during colony expansion. (F) Intercellular force kymograph from a single simulation run. (G) Ensemble spatial autocorrelation of intercellular force which can be fitted to an exponential with a characteristic length of 2.8l _c. In all cases the value of T _M/F _A = 0.25, F _A/T _R = 10 and τ _T/τ _M = 0.1.