Table 4.
Barriers and facilitators to 0‐ to 6‐year‐old children's activity behaviours
| Determinant | Influence | Reported by | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | Parents | Carers | ||
| The child | ||||
| Pre‐disposal and preference | ||||
| Sex (female) | − | 25, 32, 33, 52, 53 | 54 | |
| Age/differing age groups | − | 57 | 27, 54 | |
| Ethnicity/culture | − | 42 | ||
| Innate ability | ± | 32, 52, 53 | ||
| Child preferences | ± | 56 | 27, 54 | |
| TV/electronic media | ± | 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 52, 56, 58, 59, 60 | 65 | |
| Necessary respite | ||||
| Downtime required | 28, 29, 31, 32 | 54 | ||
| Not all SB time equal | 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 59, 60 | 27, 36, 54 | ||
| Restraint not seen as SB | 32 | |||
| No further capacity | 32 | |||
| Perception that PA will cause trouble | 29, 33, 34, 60 | 27 | ||
| Naughty behaviour | − | 45 | 56 | 54 |
| Development | ||||
| Early habit formation | + | 37, 53, 57 | ||
| Skill level | − | 53 | 54 | |
| Child enjoyment of PA | ± | 55 | 26, 30, 32, 57 | 52 |
| Structured activity | 37, 52, 53, 56, 57 | |||
| Designated play times | + | 56 | ||
| Independent exploration | + | 52, 53 | ||
| Letting them be children/age appropriate activities | ± | 56 | ||
| Academic prioritization | − | 63 | 34 | 39, 52 |
| Health and lifestyle | ||||
| General health | ± | 33, 53, 56 | ||
| Obesity | − | 56, 61 | 54 | |
| Lifestyle (diet, sleep) | ± | 33, 56 | ||
| Regular sport and exercise | + | 61 | ||
| The home | ||||
| The influence of parents | ||||
| Active parents/role modelling | ± | 55 | 26, 31, 33, 37, 40, 41, 42, 52, 53, 57, 59, 62 | 65 |
| Parental employment | − | 29, 34, 53, 56, 60, 62 | ||
| Parent–child participation | + | 29, 32, 52, 53, 56, 60, 62 | ||
| Parent lack of energy/ill health | − | 29, 32, 40, 52, 53, 60 | ||
| Parent–childcare collaboration | + | 52 | 52, 65 | |
| Cost of activities | − | 29, 37, 40, 52, 56, 57, 60 | 44 | |
| Parental supervision | 29, 34, 49 | |||
| Appropriate scheduling | ± | 40, 53, 58 | ||
| Needing to do chores | 29, 59, 60 | 27 | ||
| Encouragement/active alternatives | 29, 62 | |||
| Lack of time | − | 26, 29, 31, 32, 34, 40, 43, 52, 53, 56, 57, 60 | ||
| Increased parental awareness | + | 65 | ||
| Instilling values about PA | ± | 53, 56 | ||
| Information for HCPS | 31, 49, 60 | |||
| Use of motorized transport | − | 52, 56 | ||
| Use of stroller (when too big, for safety) | − | 30, 31, 32, 33, 56 | ||
| Logistic support | 29, 62 | |||
| Siblings and peers | ||||
| Siblings | 52, 57, 59, 66 | 65 | ||
| Playing with friends | + | 46 | 33, 34, 41, 42, 52, 56, 66 | |
| Coming together as a family/on holiday | + | 29, 53, 56, 62 | ||
| Social support – friends with children | + | 49, 52 | ||
| Home environment | ||||
| Internal home environment | ± | 55 | 52, 53, 56, 58 | 65 |
| Outside space/at home | ± | 34, 52, 53, 56, 59, 60 | 36 | |
| Active transport/walk to school | + | 53, 58 | 52 | |
| Attending a school nearby | + | 53 | ||
| The childcare centre | ||||
| Childcare provider | ± | 46 | 25, 27, 36, 38, 44, 52, 54, 64 | |
| Provider allergies | − | 38 | ||
| Low teacher self‐efficacy | − | 38 | ||
| Childcare environment | ||||
| Time spent in childcare | ± | 40 | 39 | |
| Active opportunities at school | + | 56, 61 | ||
| Space at preschool | ± | 55 | 36, 39, 52, 54, 64 | |
| Resources (in preschool) | ± | 27, 44, 47, 48, 52, 64 | ||
| Music | + | 64 | ||
| Group activities | + | 52 | ||
| Parent and care provider interaction | ||||
| Childcare as an initiator of PA | + | 46 | 26, 33, 37, 41, 43, 49 | 65 |
| Parent support/encouragement/PA instigation | 26, 29, 52, 53, 56, 62 | 65 | ||
| Interactions between parents/providers | 27, 36, 47 | |||
| Clothing | − | 48 | ||
| Community | ||||
| Resources (in community) | ± | 34, 37, 41, 52, 60 | 44 | |
| Built environment | 31, 49 | 54 | ||
| Rural location | 34, 41, 49, 52 | 44 | ||
| Community support | + | 41 | ||
| Changing society | − | 26, 41, 57 | ||
| Social environment/stranger danger | 49, 60 | |||
| Location of PA programmes | − | 58 | ||
| Improved (access to) facilities | + | 58 | ||
| Time outdoors | 32, 49 | 27 | ||
| Organized activities | 32, 49, 60, 62 | 27 | ||
| Safety | ||||
| Perceived safety risk | − | 46 | 29, 37, 41, 49, 53, 56, 58, 61 | 27, 39, 44, 54, 64 |
| Perceived health risk (parent/carer) | − | 46 | 38 | |
| Safety/policy Legislation | − | 39, 52, 64 | ||
| Weather | ± | 67 | 31, 34, 40, 49, 57, 59, 60 | 27, 36, 38, 52, 54, 64 |
| Air pollution | 34 | |||
HCPS, healthcare professionals; PA, physical activity; SB, sedentary behaviour.