Table 1.
Baseline characteristicsa of MDCS by type 2 diabetes (T2D) status at baseline (prevalent) and during follow‐up until 31 December 2014 (incident)
| Characteristic | All | No diabetes | Prevalent T2D | Incident T2D | p valued | p valuee |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 26,953 | 21,940 | 1,161 | 3,852 | ||
| Demographics and disease history | ||||||
| Male sex (n, %) | 11,449 (42.5) | 8,788 (40.1) | 650 (56.0) | 2,011 (52.2) | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| Age at baseline screening (years) | 57.9 (7.5) | 57.8 (7.6) | 61.4 (6.5) | 57.9 (7.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Age at diabetes onset (years) | – | – | 56.7 (8.1) | 69.2 (7.9) | – | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes duration until end of follow‐up (years) | – | – | 20.7 (7.6) | 8.1 (5.2) | – | <0.0001 |
| Family history of cancer (n, %) | 11,488 (45.6) | 9,375 (45.5) | 481 (45.6) | 1,632 (45.8) | 0.78 | 0.88 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 15,482 (61.5) | 11,940 (58.1) | 856 (81.6) | 2,686 (75.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Use of lipid‐lowering drugs (n, %) | 778 (3.1) | 498 (2.4) | 106 (10.1) | 174 (4.9) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Current HRT use (n, %) women only | 2,836 (20.9) | 2,493 (21.6) | 50 (11.3) | 293 (18.4) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Anthropometric factors b | ||||||
| Height (cm) | 168.9 (9.0) | 169.0 (0.04) | 168.4 (0.18) | 168.3 (0.10) | <0.0001 | 0.63 |
| Weight (kg) | 74.0 (13.8) | 72.6 (0.08) | 80.2 (0.35) | 80.0 (0.19) | <0.0001 | 0.20 |
| BMI (kg/mb) | 25.9 (4.0) | 25.3 (0.03) | 28.2 (0.11) | 28.2 (0.06) | <0.0001 | 0.08 |
| Waist circumference | 84.8 (13.1) | 83.3 (0.07) | 92.3 (0.29) | 91.1 (0.16) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||
| Current smokers (n, %) | 6,859 (27.6) | 5,600 (27.5) | 246 (24.0) | 1,013 (29.0) | <0.0001 | 0.001 |
| High alcohol consumption (n, %)c | 6,221 (25.0) | 5,231 (25.7) | 186 (18.1) | 804 (23.0) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Low physical activity (n, %)c | 6,205 (25.1) | 4,852 (24.0) | 295 (29.1) | 1,058 (30.6) | <0.0001 | 0.30 |
| University/college degree (n, %) | 3,562 (14.4) | 3,093 (15.2) | 101 (9.9) | 368 (10.6) | <0.0001 | 0.76 |
| Past food habit change (n, %) | 5,956 (24.0) | 4,308 (21.2) | 722 (70.3) | 926 (26.5) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD) for continuous variables and frequency (%) for categorical variables, unless otherwise noted. Variables with missing data included family history of cancer (n = 1,744), hypertension (n = 1,779), use of lipid‐lowering drugs (n = 1,755), current HRT use (n = 1,948; women only), height (n = 46), weight (n = 47), BMI (n = 47), smoking status (n = 2,075), alcohol consumption (n = 2,065), physical activity (n = 2,227), educational level (n = 2,127) and past food habit change (n = 2,099).
Age‐ and sex‐adjusted means (standard error, SE) in subgroups by diabetes status.
High alcohol consumption defined has the highest sex‐specific quartile of alcohol consumption (energy percentage) and low physical activity defined as the lowest sex‐specific quartile of leisure‐time physical activity score.
p values for difference between subjects with diabetes (prevalent and incident) and those with no diabetes. Differences in anthropometrics tested with adjustment for age and sex.
p values for difference between subjects with prevalent and incident T2D. Differences in anthropometrics tested with adjustment for age and sex.