Table 4.
ASD Severity and Sociodemographic Associations with Services Use Among US Children with ASD
| AOR (95% CI) Any behavioral intervention or modification (n = 530) |
AOR (95% CI) Any regular school-based therapy (n = 1016) |
AOR (95% CI) Any regular non-school based therapy (n = 512) |
AOR (95% CI) Any regular provider visits (n = 864) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| ASD Severity | ||||
|
| ||||
| Mild | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Moderate | 2.03 (1.29–3.20) | 2.13 (1.23 – 3.70) | 3.05 (1.94 – 4.81) | 1.27 (0.78 – 2.07) |
| Severe | 2.30 (1.22–4.34) | 4.08 (1.85 – 8.98) | 3.60 (1.95 – 6.66) | 2.99 (1.38 – 6.46) |
|
| ||||
| Child Characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Age | ||||
| 6–9yrs | 2.77 (1.62–4.72) | 6.26 (3.26 – 12.02) | 1.93 (1.14 – 3.25) | 0.95 (0.55 – 1.64) |
| 10–13yrs | 1.79 (1.07–3.01) | 2.91 (1.69 – 5.00) | 1.36 (0.82 – 2.24) | 1.66 (0.97 – 2.85) |
| 14–17yrs | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.08 (0.63–1.83) | 0.60 (0.33 – 1.10) | 0.76 (0.48 – 1.22) | 0.77 (0.45 – 1.31) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Hispanic | 0.55 (0.24–1.26) | 1.76 (0.76 – 4.05) | 0.79 (0.37 – 1.71) | 2.23 (0.90 – 5.52) |
| Black/non-Hispanic | 0.58 (0.25–1.33) | 1.64 (0.63 – 4.28) | 0.51 (0.22 – 1.14) | 0.46 (0.21 – 1.05) |
| Other/non-Hispanic | 0.70 (0.31–1.57) | 2.05 (0.87 – 4.83) | 0.86 (0.40 – 1.83) | 1.68 (0.62 – 4.54) |
| White/non-Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Insurance Type | ||||
| Private only | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Public only | 1.89 (1.02–3.52) | 1.78 (0.86 – 3.67) | 1.55 (0.82 – 2.92) | 1.54 (0.74 – 3.21) |
| Both public and private | 2.99 (1.62–5.51) | 2.02 (0.91 – 4.46) | 2.68 (1.45 – 4.98) | 2.62 (1.25 – 5.51) |
| Uninsured | 1.68 (0.48–5.84) | 4.85 (1.31 – 17.89) | 2.30 (0.70 – 7.63) | 2.26 (0.77 – 6.64) |
|
| ||||
| Household Characteristics | ||||
|
| ||||
| Parental Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 0.89 (0.24–3.36) | 8.31 (1.26 – 54.78) | 0.28 (0.06 – 1.21) | 0.82 (0.27 – 2.55) |
| High school graduate | 0.75 (0.40–1.41) | 1.46 (0.58 – 3.63) | 0.47 (0.23 – 0.94) | 0.73 (0.36 – 1.49) |
| More than high school | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Household Income | ||||
| ≤ 99% FPL | 0.69 (0.31–1.54) | 0.27 (0.10 – 0.70) | 0.97 (0.45 – 2.10) | 0.88 (0.36 – 2.14) |
| 100%-199% FPL | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 1.02 (0.48 – 2.17) | 0.68 (0.34 – 1.36) | 1.15 (0.56 – 2.38) |
| 200%-399% FPL | 0.80 (0.47–1.36) | 1.63 (0.93 – 2.85) | 0.77 (0.46 – 1.29) | 1.06 (0.61 – 1.87) |
| ≥ 400% FPL | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 0.75 (0.43–1.31) | 0.81 (0.42 – 1.58) | 0.77 (0.44 – 1.35) | 0.27 (0.14 – 0.51) |
| South | 0.73 (0.41–1.30) | 0.56 (0.30 – 1.05) | 0.89 (0.50 – 1.58) | 0.23 (0.12 – 0.42) |
| West | 0.53 (0.26–1.06) | 0.65 (0.31 – 1.36) | 0.70 (0.38 – 1.30) | 0.19 (0.09 – 0.40) |
Abbreviations: AOR, Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; yrs, Years