Table 1. Summary of published predictive equations and accuracy compared to indirect calorimetry in older adults.
| Method | Equationa | Resting Energy Expenditureb |
|---|---|---|
| American College of Chest Physicians [10] | EE(ACCPc) = 25 kcal * BW | ↑ [22] ↓↓↓ [58] ↓↓↓↓ [23] |
| Bernstein [80] | Men: EE(Bernstein) = 11.02 * BW + 10.23 * Height (cm) − 5.8 * Age – 1032 Women: EE(Bernstein) = 7.4 8* BW + 0.42 * Height (cm) – 3 * Age + 844 |
↓[21] ↓↓↓ [7, 24] |
| Faisy [19] | EE(Faisy) = 8 * BW + 14 * Height (cm) + 32 * MV + 94 * TEMP – 4834 | ↑ [18] |
| Fredrix [81] | EE(Fredrix) = 1641 + 10.7 * BW – 9 * Age – 203 * Sex | ↔ [21] ↓ [24] |
| Fusco [82] | EE (Fusco) = -983 – 4 * Age + 32 * Height (in.) + 11 * BW | ↓ [18] |
| Harris-Benedict [83] | Men: EE(HB) = (66.5 + 13.75 * BW + 5.003 * Height (cm) − 6.775 * Age) * SF Women: EE(HB) = (655.1 + 9.563 * BW + 1.85 * Height (cm) − 4.676 * Age) * SF |
↔ [21, 58] ↓ [7, 22, 23, 24] ↓↓ [18, 28] |
| Henry [84] | Men 60-70y: EE(Henry) = 13 * BW + 567 Women 60-70y: EE(Henry) = 10.2 * BW + 572 Men >70y: EE(Henry) = 13.7 * BW + 481 Women >70y: EE(Henry) = 10 * BW + 577 |
↔ [21] ↓↓ [7, 24] |
| Ireton-Jones equation for obese individuals [85] | Men: EE(IJ) = 606 + (9 * BW) − (12 * Age) + 400 (if ventilated) + 1400 Women: EE(IJ) = BW − (12 * Age) + 400 (if ventilated) + 1444 |
↑↑ [18, 22] ↓↓ [23] |
| Korth [86] | EE(Korth) = 41.5 * BW + 35.0 * Height (cm) + 1107.4 * Sex − 19.1 * Age − 1731.2 | ↔ [21] ↓ [7, 24] |
| Lazzer [87] | Weight: EE(Lazzer) = (BW * 0.048 + Height (m) × 4.655 − Age × 0.020 − 3.605) MJ/d Body composition: EE(Lazzer) = (FFM * 0.081 + FM * 0.049 − Age * 0.019 − 2.194) MJ/d |
↓ [24] |
| Luhrmann [88] | EE(Luhrmann) = (3169 + 50.0 * BW – 15.3 * Age + 746 * Sex) kJ/day | ↔ [21] ↓ [24] |
| Mifflin St Jeor [89] | Men: EE(MSJ) = (9.99 * BW + 6.25 * Height (cm) − 4.92 * Age + 166) * SF Women: EE(MSJ) = (9.99 * BW + 6.25 * Height (cm) − 4.92 * Age − 161) * SF |
↔ [58] ↓↓ [7, 21 22, 24] ↓↓↓↓ [23] |
| Muller [90] | EE(Muller) = 0.047 * BW − 0.01452 * Age + 1.009 * Sex | ↔ [21] ↓ [24] ↓↓[7] |
| Owen [91, 92] | Men: EE (Owen) = 879 + 10.2 * BW Women: EE(Owen) = 795 + 7.2 * BW |
↔ [21] ↓ [24] ↓↓↓↓ [23] |
| Penn State equation, standard [93] | EE(Penn State, standard) = 0.85 * HB + VE * 33 + Tmax * 175 - 6433 | ↓ [22] ↓↓↓↓ [58] |
| Penn State equation, modified [93] | EE(Penn State, modified) = 0.96 * MSJ + 31 * VE + 167 * Tmax − 6212 | ↓↓↓↓ [58] |
| Schofield [94] | Weight only: Men >60: EE(Schofield) = 0.049 * BW + 2.459/4.184 * 1000 Women >60: EE(Schofield) = 0.038 * BW + 2.755/4.184 * 1000 Weight and Height (m): Men >60: EE(Schofield) = 0.038 * BW + 4.068 * Height – 3.491/4.184 × 1000 Women >60: EE(Schofield) = 0.033 * BW + 1.917 * Height + 0.074/4.184 × 1000 |
↔ [21] ↓ [7] ↓↓ [24] |
| Swinamer [17] | EE(Swinamer) = -4,349 + 945 * BSA − 6.4 * Age + 108 * TEMP + 24.2 * RR + 81.7 * TV | ↓ [22] ↑↑↑↑ [18] |
| WHO/AO/UNU [95] | Weight only: Men >60: EE(WHO) = 13.5 * BW + 487 Women >60: EE(WHO) = 10.5 * BW + 596 Weight and height (m): Men >60: EE(WHO) = 8.8 * BW + 1,128 * Height − 1,071 Women >60: EE(WHO) = 9.2 * BW + 637 * Height − 302 |
↑ [21] ↓ [7, 24] |
All equations provide kcal/day unless specified.
↔ Estimates ±50 kcals of mean measured REE; ↑Equation overestimates mean measured REE by 50<200 kcals; ↑↑ Equation overestimates mean measured REE by 200≤350 kcals; ↑↑↑Equation overestimates mean measured REE by 350≤500 kcals; ↑↑↑↑ Equation overestimates mean measured REE by >500 kcals ↓ Equation underestimates mean measured REE by 50<200 kcals; ↓↓ Equation underestimates mean measured REE by 200≤350 kcals; ↓↓↓ Equation underestimates mean measured REE by 350<500 kcals; ↓↓↓↓Equation underestimates mean measured REE by >500 kcals
Abbreviations: ACCP, American College of Chest Physicians; BW, Body Weight (kg); EE, Energy expenditure; FFM, Fat free mass (kg); FM, Fat mass (kg); HB, Harris Benedict; RR, Respiratory rate (breaths per minute); Sex, female = 0; male = 1; SF, Stress factor; TEMP, Temperature (°C); T Max, maximum body temperature in 24 h (°C); MSJ, Mifflin St Jeor; MV, minute ventilation recorded from ventilator in L/minute; REE, Resting energy expenditure; TV, Tidal Volume (L); WHO/FAO/UNU, World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization/United Nations University