Effects of N and mowing on ecosystem stability, species richness, and species asynchrony. Changes in (a) the temporal stability of ecosystem above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), (b) species richness (number of species per m2), and (c) species asynchrony according to the rate of N addition (different colours; g N m–2 year–1) and mowing (filled = unmown, opened = annual mown). Solid and dashed lines correspond to unmown and mowing treatments, respectively. F- and P-values are given to demonstrate the effects of mowing on the slopes.