Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Non-cardiac CP hospitalization (n = 92) |
Cardiac CP hospitalization (n = 226) |
No CP hospitalization (n = 2781) |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 58.2 ± 11.7 | 58.7 ± 11.7 | 59.4 ± 12.0 | 0.447 |
|
| ||||
| Male | 55 (59.8%) | 128 (56.6%) | 1886 (67.8%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| White race | 61 (66.3%) | 142 (62.8%) | 1955 (70.5%) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 29.1 ± 6.3 | 29.7 ± 7.0 | 29.6 ± 6.4 | 0.742 |
|
Socioeconomic Data | ||||
| College Education | 48 (52.2%) | 119 (53.1%) | 1366 (49.4%) | 0.497 |
|
| ||||
| Payor | 0.002 | |||
| Commercial/PPO | 36 (40.4%) | 80 (36.2%) | 1184 (43.3%) | |
| HMO | 3 (3.4%) | 20 (9.0%) | 304 (11.1%) | |
| Medicare | 25 (28.1%) | 40 (18.1%) | 495 (18.1%) | |
| Medicaid | 2 (2.2%) | 19 (8.6%) | 127 (4.6%) | |
| VA | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 37 (1.4%) | |
| Other | 2 (2.2%) | 9 (4.1%) | 96 (3.5%) | |
| None/Self-Pay | 21 (23.6%) | 53 (24.0%) | 489 (17.9%) | |
|
| ||||
| Avoided Care Due to Costs in Past Year | 21 (22.8%) | 57 (25.9%) | 657 (24.0%) | 0.787 |
|
| ||||
| Financial Situation at the end of the month | < 0.001 | |||
| Some money left over | 38 (41.8%) | 75 (33.5%) | 1218 (44.5%) | |
| Just enough to make ends meet | 30 (33.0%) | 81 (36.2%) | 1004 (36.7%) | |
| Not enough to make ends meet | 23 (25.3%) | 68 (30.4%) | 514 (18.8%) | |
|
| ||||
| Baseline ENRICHD Social Support Score (points, mean ± SD) | 21.7 ± 4.8 | 21.3 ± 5.0 | 22.1 ± 4.3 | 0.015 |
|
| ||||
| Married or common law marriage | 39 (42.9%) | 95 (42.0%) | 1541 (55.5%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Work full or part time | 49 (53.3%) | 84 (37.5%) | 1423 (51.7%) | < 0.001 |
|
Access to Care | ||||
| Difficultly obtaining an outpatient appointment (baseline) | 4 (15.4%) | 3 (30.0%) | 73 (23.0%) | 0.556 |
|
| ||||
| Difficultly obtaining care due to inability to find a physician (baseline) | 1 (3.8%) | 1 (10.0%) | 59 (18.6%) | 0.098 |
|
| ||||
| Currently Have a Doctor (6 months) | 161 (91.0%) | 67 (85.9%) | 1758 (88.3%) | 0.438 |
|
| ||||
| Currently Have a Doctor (12 months) | 149 (87.1%) | 67 (88.2%) | 1784 (87.8%) | 0.959 |
|
Past Medical History | ||||
| Diabetes | 27 (29.3%) | 92 (40.7%) | 783 (28.2%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension | 63 (68.5%) | 173 (76.5%) | 1828 (65.7%) | 0.004 |
|
| ||||
| Prior MI | 20 (21.7%) | 67 (29.6%) | 534 (19.2%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Prior PCI | 15 (16.3%) | 66 (29.2%) | 522 (18.8%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Prior CABG | 14 (15.2%) | 52 (23.0%) | 275 (9.9%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 47 (51.1%) | 120 (53.1%) | 1363 (49.0%) | 0.471 |
|
| ||||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 2 (2.2%) | 19 (8.4%) | 182 (6.5%) | 0.125 |
|
| ||||
| Current smoking | 28 (30.4%) | 95 (42.0%) | 1076 (39.0%) | 0.382 |
|
| ||||
| Chronic Heart Failure | 9 (9.8%) | 20 (8.8%) | 182 (6.5%) | 0.215 |
|
| ||||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 2 (2.2%) | 18 (8.0%) | 126 (4.5%) | 0.045 |
|
| ||||
| Prior stroke | 7 (7.6%) | 16 (7.1%) | 119 (4.3%) | 0.049 |
|
Health-Status Scores | ||||
| PHQ-9 Depression Score (points, mean ± SD) | 5.8 ± 5.4 | 6.5 ± 5.7 | 5.0 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| Perceived Stress Scale Score (points, mean ± SD) | 5.2 ± 3.8 | 5.4 ± 4.2 | 4.4 ± 3.7 | < 0.001 |
|
AMI Index Hospitalization Information | ||||
| STEMI | 47 (51.1%) | 89 (39.4%) | 1224 (44.0%) | 0.480 |
|
| ||||
| In-hospital Revascularization Procedure | 0.064 | |||
| None | 19 (20.7%) | 53 (23.5%) | 680 (24.5%) | |
| PCI | 68 (73.9%) | 159 (70.4%) | 1803 (64.8%) | |
| CABG | 5 (5.4%) | 14 (6.2%) | 298 (10.7%) | |
|
| ||||
| Killip Class on Arrival | 0.168 | |||
| I | 86 (94.5%) | 198 (89.2%) | 2455 (89.3%) | |
| II | 5 (5.5%) | 24 (10.8%) | 237 (8.6%) | |
| III | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 41 (1.5%) | |
| IV | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (0.6%) | |
|
| ||||
| In-Hospital Cardiogenic Shock | 2 (2.2%) | 5 (2.2%) | 75 (2.7%) | 0.955 |
|
| ||||
| Diseased Vessels | 0.096 | |||
| 0 | 6 (6.8%) | 9 (4.4%) | 228 (8.7%) | |
| 1 | 43 (48.9%) | 77 (37.7%) | 1127 (43.2%) | |
| 2 | 20 (22.7%) | 64 (31.4%) | 668 (25.6%) | |
| 3 | 19 (21.6%) | 54 (26.5%) | 583 (22.4%) | |
|
| ||||
| LV Systolic Function | 0.650 | |||
| Normal | 60 (65.2%) | 140 (61.9%) | 1744 (62.8%) | |
| Mild | 19 (20.7%) | 38 (16.8%) | 549 (19.8%) | |
| Moderate | 7 (7.6%) | 31 (13.7%) | 288 (10.4%) | |
| Severe | 6 (6.5%) | 17 (7.5%) | 196 (7.1%) | |
|
Medications at Discharge from Index Hospitalization | ||||
| Beta Blockers | 81 (88.0%) | 196 (86.7%) | 2529 (90.9%) | 0.081 |
|
| ||||
| Statins | 75 (81.5%) | 203 (89.8%) | 2460 (88.5%) | 0.097 |
|
| ||||
| Aspirin | 89 (96.7%) | 212 (93.8%) | 2636 (94.8%) | 0.621 |
|
| ||||
| Thienopyridine | 72 (78.3%) | 189 (83.6%) | 2103 (75.6%) | 0.022 |
|
| ||||
| ACE Inhibitor/ARB | 68 (73.9%) | 184 (81.4%) | 2054 (73.9%) | 0.043 |
|
Rehospitalization Information | ||||
| In-Hospital Cardiac Catheterization | 5 (5.4%) | 97 (42.9%) | 9 (5.3%) | < 0.001 |
|
| ||||
| In-Hospital PCI | 0 (0.0%) | 71 (31.4%) | 12 (7.1%) | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation, BMI: Body mass index, MI: myocardial infarction, PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention, CABG: coronary artery bypass graft, STEMI: ST-Elevation myocardial infarction, ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme and ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker