Table 3.

Promising anti-ICH drugs that target microglial polarization

Drug	Mode of action	Effects on microglia	Development phase
Fingolimod	S1PR activator	Decreases M1-like microglial responses156,157,162	Phase II165
Deferoxamine	Iron chelation and haematoma clearance	Decreases M1-like microglial responses121,200	Phase II245
Minocycline	Iron chelation and haematoma clearance	Decreases M1-like microglial responses53	Phase I and II246
Rosuvastatin	Lipid metabolism	Promotes M1-to-M2 phenotype shift247	Phase II248
Erythropoietin	Anti-inflammatory response	Decreases M1-like microglial responses249,250	Phase II251
Pinocembrin	TLR4 inhibitor	Decreases M1-like microglial responses62	Preclinical
Resatorvid	TLR4 inhibitor	Decreases M1-like microglial responses68,252	Preclinical
Sinomenine	Anti-inflammatory response	Enhances M2-like microglial responses199	Preclinical
Rapamycin	mTOR activator	Enhances M2-like microglial responses105	Preclinical

mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; S1PR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.