Table 1.
Overview of studies examining psychiatric morbidity in pediatric populations.
| Study | Site/sample | Size | Age range | Control group | Results | Instrument |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community studies | ||||||
| (55) | Isle of Wight | 11 865 | 5–14 | – | 6.6% any psychiatric disorder 11.6% psychiatric disorder for children with chronic disorder 34.4% psychiatric disorder for children with neuroepileptic disorder |
Isle of Wight Interview |
| (37) | US Nationwide (NHANES) | 3042 | 8–15 | – | 13.1% any psychiatric disorder 8.6% ADHD 0.7% anxiety disorder 3.7% mood disorder |
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV) |
| (9) | US Nationwide | 23 000 | 6–17 | – | 4.7% ADHD | National Health Interview Survey |
| (38) | England, Wales Nationwide | 10 438 | 5–15 | – | 9.5% any psychiatric disorder 3.8% anxiety disorder 0.9% mood disorder 5.9% disruptive disorder 2.2% ADHD 0.1% tic disorders |
Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) |
| (56) | US – Great Smoky Mountains Study | 6674 | 9–13 | – | (3 month prevalence) 13.3% any psychiatric diagnosis 0.9% ADHD 2.4% substance use 2.4% any anxiety disorder 2.2% any depressive disorder |
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) |
| (57) | US Nationwide, multisite (MECA) | 1285 | 9–17 | – | 20.9% any disorder 2.0% any substance use disorder 13.0% any anxiety disorder 4.1% ADHD 6.2% mood disorder |
DISC-II |
| Patient studies | ||||||
| Nonendocrine | ||||||
| (58) | Chromosome 18 abnormalities (q or p deletion) | 13 (q) | 16–18 | No | 58.3% depressive symptoms 58.3% anxiety symptoms 41.7% ADHD 25.0% manic symptoms 25.0% psychotic symptoms |
KSDAS-PL (if under 18) and DIGS (over 18) |
| (59) | Alopecia areata | 14 | Mean 11.66 (S.D. 6.08) |
No | 78.0% one psychiatric disorder 50.0% depressive disorder 35.7% OCD 14.3% ADHD 28.6% specific phobia |
KSADS-PL |
| (60) | Chronic illness | 352–358 | 4–16 | 1965–1992 | 21.9% one or more psychiatric disorder (versus 13.7% in controls) 13.1% mood and anxiety disorder 9.2% ADHD (versus 4.32%) 8.4% conduct disorder (versus 4.3%) (neurosis) (versus 8.6%) |
Survey Diagnostic Instrument (SDI) |
| (39) | Epilepsy (complicated/un-complicated) | 25/42 | 5–15 | 47 patients with diabetes | 56.0% for complicated epilepsy (12.0% ADHD) 26.2% for uncomplicated epilepsy (0% ADHD) 10.6% for diabetes group (2.1% ADHD) |
DAWBA |
| Endocrine | ||||||
| (61) | Diabetes (IDDM) | 92 | 8–13 | No | 42.4% any psychiatric disorder 26.1% depressive disorder 19.6% anxiety disorder 8.9% substance use disorder |
Semi-structured interview schedule for children and adolescents (ISCA) |
| (62) | Diabetes (IDDM) | 93 | 17–19 | n=93 age, gender-matched controls | 33.3% any psychiatric disorder (versus 9.7% in controls) | Structured Interview |
| (63) | Diabetes mellitus | 75 | 16–55 (mean 31) | 21 donors+ECA study (65, 66) | 31.7% GAD 25.3% phobia (ECA control 14.8%) 24.0% MDD (ECA control 12.5%) 1.3% panic |
Lifetime prevalence DIS |
| (64) | Cushing | 209 | 8–74 (mean 39) | 24 patients with pituitary adenoma (range 19–65, mean 40) | 57.0% depressive disorder 12.0% anxiety disorder 8.0% psychotic illness 3.0% mood disorder None of the controls had significant psychiatric illness (no direct comparison) |
Present State Examination (PSE) |