Table 2.
δ13C sugar intake biomarker values and self-reported dietary intake (n 296) at baseline and after the 6-month intervention in the SIPsmartER intervention and MoveMore matched-contact comparison groups, rural Southwest Virginia, USA
| Baseline† | Month 6† | Adjusted change, baseline to month 6‡ | P value, | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Group | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | 95 % CI | group by time§ |
| δ13C (‰) | SIPsmartER | −18·92 | 0·65 | −18·97 | 0·65 | −0·05 | −0·10, 0·01 | <0·001 |
| MoveMore | −18·94 | 0·72 | −18·92 | 0·73 | 0·02 | −0·04, 0·08 | ||
| SSB (kcal/d)|| | SIPsmartER | 496 | 374 | 268 | 297 | −227*** | −326, −127 | <0·001 |
| MoveMore | 377 | 287 | 325 | 319 | −53** | −88, −17 | ||
| SSB (fluid ounces/d)¶ | SIPsmartER | 43 | 31 | 24 | 24 | −19*** | −28, −10 | <0·01 |
| MoveMore | 33 | 24 | 28 | 27 | −5*** | −7, −2 | ||
| AS (% of total energy) | SIPsmartER | 22 | 12 | 17 | 12 | −5*** | −7, −3 | <0·001 |
| MoveMore | 21 | 11 | 20 | 12 | −1 | −2, 0 | ||
| AS (g/d) | SIPsmartER | 108 | 92 | 74 | 88 | −34*** | −46, −22 | <0·001 |
| MoveMore | 95 | 66 | 89 | 70 | −6 | −14, 2 | ||
| TS (% of total energy) | SIPsmartER | 26 | 12 | 22 | 13 | −5*** | −7, −2 | <0·01 |
| MoveMore | 26 | 11 | 25 | 11 | −1 | −3, 1 | ||
| TS (g/d) | SIPsmartER | 130 | 98 | 94 | 97 | −36*** | −49, −23 | <0·001 |
| MoveMore | 117 | 67 | 110 | 75 | −8 | −17, 1 | ||
| Energy (kcal/d) | SIPsmartER | 1975 | 1100 | 1690 | 1099 | −285*** | −434, −136 | <0·05 |
| MoveMore | 1766 | 640 | 1723 | 682 | −44 | −136, 49 | ||
| Protein (% of energy) | SIPsmartER | 14·6 | 4·2 | 16·4 | 5·0 | 1·8*** | 0·9, 2·8 | NS |
| MoveMore | 15·2 | 4·3 | 15·9 | 4·4 | 0·7 | −0·02, 1·4 | ||
| Fat (% of energy) | SIPsmartER | 33·6 | 7·9 | 35·2 | 9·4 | 1·6* | 0·3, 2·9 | NS |
| MoveMore | 33·6 | 6·7 | 34·6 | 7·9 | 0·9 | −0·1, 1·9 | ||
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | SIPsmartER | 51·0 | 10·4 | 47·6 | 11·3 | −3*** | −5, −0·04 | NS |
| MoveMore | 50·4 | 9·0 | 48·9 | 9·9 | −1·5*** | −2·5, −0·4 | ||
SSB, sugar-sweetened beverages; AS, added sugar; TS, total sugar.
†
Means and standard deviations are not adjusted for covariates.
‡
Within-group statistical significance indicated by asterisks: *P<0·05, ** P<0·01, *** P<0·001.
§
Models control for baseline covariates including age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, education level, health literacy level, employment status, number of children, smoking status and BMI.
||
1 kcal=4·184 kJ.
¶
1 fluid ounce=29·57 ml.