Table 2.

Percentages of respondents, by trait, that were categorized into each parenting style group

Respondent traits	Parenting style (n = 1,554)1				p value1
	uninvolved (n = 250)	indulgent (n = 167)	authoritarian (n = 657)	authoritative (n = 480)
Gender					<0.0001
Female	15	11	42	33
Male	26	11	43	20
Race/ethnicity					<0.0001
Asian	28	12	41	20
Black or African-American	12	7	48	34
White or Caucasian	18	15	36	31
Hispanic or Latino	24	10	45	21
Other	16	12	44	28
Chosen survey language					0.0013
English	16	11	42	32
Spanish	31	13	48	8
Primary care practice					0.0026
Nonurban (2 sites)	17	13	41	29
Urban (2 sites)	15	8	44	33
Highest level of education completed					<0.0001
Partial high school	22	3	45	30
High school graduate	15	6	49	30
Trade school graduate	8	7	50	36
Partial college	14	10	46	30
College graduate	17	10	42	31
Master’s or doctorate degree	19	20	30	31
Current employment status					0.0264
Full time (>35 h/week)	18	11	40	32
Part time	15	12	45	28
Unemployed	17	6	48	29
Homemaker	15	13	41	30
Student	9	16	42	33
Retired	15	0	77	8
Disabled	11	5	38	46
Other	12	8	23	58
Total annual household income					0.0002
Less than USD 25,000	17	7	45	30
USD 25,000–49,999	14	7	47	32
USD 50,000–74,999	14	12	44	30
USD 75,000–99,999	12	14	42	32
USD 100,000–149,999	14	14	38	34
USD 150,000 or more	23	17	32	28
Insurance					0.0022
Private	16	13	41	30
Government	14	7	45	34
Self-pay	23	12	42	23
Number of children living in household					0.0215
0	20	9	52	18
1	16	13	37	34
2	17	11	41	32
3 or 4	14	9	49	28
5 or more	16	2	61	20
Concerned that at least one of their children was too short					0.0488
No	15	11	43	32
Yes	22	12	38	27

Pearson’s χ² test was performed to examine the association between each respondent trait and parenting style by univariable analysis.

¹These values are based on the highest number of responses collected for each variable. The total number ranged from 1,503 to 1,554.