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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 30.
Published in final edited form as: Bridge (Wash D C). 2016 Apr 12;46(1):79–84.

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

After traumatic axonal injury, there is uncontrolled influx of sodium (Na+) ions (green balls), as illustrated in figure 2, triggering reversal of the sodium-calcium (Ca2+) exchanger (yellow) and sustained opening of the voltage-gated calcium channels (red), resulting in progressive increases of intra-axonal calcium ions (purple). Adapted from Wolf et al. (2001).