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. 2017 Sep 1;33(9):905–918. doi: 10.1089/aid.2016.0303

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© Anddre Valdivia et al., 2017; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This article is available under the Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). This license permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Permission only needs to be obtained for commercial use and can be done via RightsLink.

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FIG. 1. — Measurement of total GSH and rGSH. (A) Baseline levels of total GSH in plasma samples of Healthy Baseline, and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. Total GSH in plasma samples from HIV patients was significantly lower compared to the healthy individuals. GSH assay was performed using a colorimetric assay kit from Arbor Assays. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 30 individuals with HIV. (B) Baseline levels of rGSH in plasma samples of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. rGSH in plasma samples from HIV-positive subjects was significantly lower compared to the healthy individuals. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 30 individuals with HIV. (C) Baseline levels of total GSH in CD4+ T cells of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. CD4+ T cells were isolated using the EasySep Human CD4 Positive Selection Kit from nonadherent PBMCs isolated from whole blood of healthy participants and HIV patients. Total GSH in CD4 T cells from HIV patients was significantly lower compared to the healthy individuals. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV with placebo supplementation. (D) Baseline levels of rGSH in CD4+ T cells of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4 T cells below 350 cells/mm³. Levels of rGSH in CD4 T cells from HIV patients were significantly lower compared to the healthy individuals. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV with placebo supplementation. (E) Total GSH in CD4+ T cells from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There were no significant changes in the levels of total GSH in the CD4 T cells at 3 months postsupplementation with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV placebo. (F) Total GSH in CD4+ T cells from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4 T cells below 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of total GSH in the CD4 T cells from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-L-GSH treatment. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV-L-GSH. (G) rGSH in CD4+ T cells from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of rGSH in the CD4 T cells from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-L-GSH treatment. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV-L-GSH. (H) Total GSH in CD4+ T cells from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm3 and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. There were no changes in the levels of total GSH in the CD4 T cells from the HIV subgroups such as those with CD4 T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and participants with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months post-treatment with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with placebo supplementation. (I) Total GSH in CD4+ T cells from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of total GSH in the CD4 T cells from the HIV-positive subjects with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months post-L-GSH treatment. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with L-GSH supplementation. (J) rGSH levels in CD4+ T cells from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of rGSH in the CD4 T cells from the HIV-positive subjects with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months post-L-GSH treatment. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV CD4 T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with L-GSH supplementation, *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01. GSH, glutathione; rGSH, reduced glutathione; SE, standard error; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; L-GSH, liposomal glutathione.