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. 2017 Sep 1;33(9):905–918. doi: 10.1089/aid.2016.0303

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© Anddre Valdivia et al., 2017; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This article is available under the Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0). This license permits non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Permission only needs to be obtained for commercial use and can be done via RightsLink.

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FIG. 4. — Assay of IL-12, IL-2, and IFN-γ. (A) Baseline levels of IL-12 in plasma samples of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. IL-12 levels were significantly decreased in the plasma samples from HIV patients compared to the healthy individuals. IL-12 was assayed in the plasma samples by sandwich ELISA using assay kits procured from eBioscience. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 30 individuals with HIV. (B) IL-12 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There were no significant changes in the levels of IL-12 in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV placebo. (C) IL-12 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV-L-GSH group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of IL-12 in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with L-GSH. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV-L-GSH. (D) IL-12 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. There were no changes in the levels of IL-12 in the plasma samples from the HIV subgroups such as those with CD4 T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and participants with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months post-treatment with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with placebo supplementation. (E) IL-12 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of IL-12 in the plasma samples from the HIV-positive subjects with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months post-L-GSH treatment. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with L-GSH supplementation. (F) Baseline levels of IL-2 in plasma samples of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. IL-2 levels were significantly compromised in the plasma samples from HIV patients compared to the healthy individuals. IL-2 was assayed in the plasma samples by sandwich ELISA using assay kits procured from eBioscience. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 30 individuals with HIV. (G) IL-2 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There was a further significant decrease in the levels of IL-2 in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV placebo. (H) IL-2 levels in the plasma samples from the HIV-L-GSH group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. The levels of IL-2 stabilized in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with L-GSH. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV-L-GSH. (I) Baseline levels of IFN-γ in plasma samples of Healthy Baseline and HIV-positive subjects with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. IFN-γ levels were diminished in the plasma samples from HIV patients compared to the healthy individuals. IFN-γ was assayed in the plasma samples by sandwich ELISA using assay kits procured from eBioscience. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 30 individuals with HIV. (J) IFN-γ levels in the plasma samples from the HIV placebo group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There were no significant changes in the levels of IFN-γ in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with empty liposomes. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV placebo. (K) IFN-γ levels in the plasma samples from the HIV-L-GSH group with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm³. There was a significant increase in the levels of IFN-γ in the plasma samples isolated from the HIV-positive subjects at 3 months post-treatment with L-GSH. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and 15 individuals with HIV-L-GSH. (L) IFN-γ levels in the plasma samples from the HIV-L-GSH treatment group with CD4+ T cell counts below 200 cells/mm³ and between 200 and 350 cells/mm³. L-GSH treatment resulted in a significant increase in the levels of IFN-γ in the plasma samples isolated from HIV-positive subjects with CD4 T cells below 200 cells/mm³ and in CD4 T cells between 200 and 350 cells/mm³ at 3 months postsupplementation. Data represent mean ± SE from 16 healthy individuals and seven individuals with HIV below 200 cells/mm³ and eight individuals with HIV 200–350 cells/mm³ with L-GSH supplementation, *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01. IFN, interferon.