Table 2.
Determinants of choice of informal provider for infant male circumcision
| Total number of infants | Number (%) of infants who received circumcision from an informal provider | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 2847 | n = 1670 (58.7%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) model 1a | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) model 2b | |
| Income status of household (quintile) | |||||
| 1 (Lowest) | 387 | 325 (84.0%) | 7.12 (5.19–9.76) | 5.77 (4.15–8.02) | 4.42 (3.12–6.27) |
| 2 | 532 | 349 (65.6%) | 2.59 (2.04–3.29) | 2.26 (1.76–2.91) | 1.89 (1.45–2.47) |
| 3 | 628 | 355 (56.5%) | 1.77 (1.41–2.21) | 1.67 (1.32–2.11) | 1.49 (1.17–1.90) |
| 4 | 687 | 381 (55.5%) | 1.69 (1.36–2.11) | 1.58 (1.26–1.98) | 1.48 (1.17–1.87) |
| 5 (Highest) | 613 | 260 (42.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Missing data | 0 | – | – | - | - |
| Distance to health facility | |||||
| < 1 km | 1444 | 776 (53.8%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 1–4.9 km | 741 | 433 (58.4%) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) |
| 5–9.9 km | 400 | 286 (71.5%) | 2.16 (1.70–2.74) | 1.28 (1.00–1.67) | 1.28 (1.00–1.67) |
| 10 km or more | 186 | 154 (83.4%) | 4.41 (2.94–6.61) | 2.70 (1.76–4.12) | 2.70 (1.76–4.12) |
| Missing data | 76 | 21 (26.6%) | – | - | - |
| Mean 3.2 km sd 3.7 | – | – | - | ||
| Cost of circumcisionc | |||||
| Free | 539 | 269 (49.9%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Less than 10 Ghs | 145 | 114 (78.6%) | 3.69 (2.40–5.68) | 2.43 (1.54–3.84) | 2.41 (1.53–3.79) |
| Between 10 and 20 Ghs | 1530 | 888 (58.0%) | 1.39 (1.14–1.69) | 1.22 (0.91–1.38) | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) |
| 20 Ghs or more | 554 | 337 (60.8%) | 1.56 (1.23–1.98) | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 1.26 (0.97–1.63) |
| Missing data | 79 | 62 (78.5%) | – | – | – |
| Maternal occupation | |||||
| Gov’t/private employed | 105 | 49 (46.7%) | 0.63 (0.41–0.96) | 1.19 (0.75–1.88) | 1.41 (0.87–2.27) |
| Self-employed | 927 | 514 (55.4%) | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) | 1.19 (0.92–1.54) | 1.21 (0.93–1.57) |
| Farming | 589 | 380 (64.6%) | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) | 0.91 (0.67–1.23) | 0.87 (0.63–1.19) |
| Not working | 484 | 282 (58.3%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Missing data | 742 | 445 (59.9%) | – | - | - |
| Maternal educational level | |||||
| None | 512 | 359 (70.1%) | 2.31 (1.83–2.92) | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) | 1.30 (1.00–1.70) |
| Primary | 1481 | 882 (59.6%) | 1.45 (1.23–1.72) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) |
| Secondary | 850 | 427 (50.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Missing data | 4 | 2 (28.6%) | – | - | - |
| Maternal religion | |||||
| Christian | 2048 | 1081 (52.9%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Muslim | 666 | 496 (74.5%) | 2.60 (2.14–3.16) | 2.26 (1.84–2.78) | 2.40 (1.93–2.98) |
| Traditional African/None | 129 | 91 (70.5%) | 2.13 (1.45–3.15) | 1.36 (0.90–2.04) | 1.33 (0.88–1.99) |
| Missing data | 4 | 2 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
| Maternal age (years) | |||||
| Less than 20 | 319 | 192 (60.4%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 20–29 | 1458 | 854 (58.6%) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 1.05 (0.80–1.37) |
| 30 or more | 1066 | 622 (58.7%) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | 0.98 (0.74–1.28) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) |
| Missing data | 4 | 2 (28.6%) | – | – | – |
| Site of delivery | |||||
| Health facility | 2291 | 1241 (54.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Home | 549 | 425 (77.7%) | 2.95 (2.37–3.66) | 2.04 (1.62–2.59) | 1.89 (1.49–2.41) |
| Missing data | 6 | 4 (40.0%) | – | – | – |
| Birth weight | |||||
| Less than 2.5 kg | 214 | 136 (63.6%) | 1.25 (0.94–1.67) | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 1.24 (0.91–1.70) |
| 2.5 kg or greater | 2633 | 1534 (58.2%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Missing data | 0 | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
| Age at circumcision | |||||
| 0–6 days | 117 | 68 (58.1%) | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 7–20 days | 2556 | 1483 (58.3%) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | 1.09 (0.74–1.62) | 1.08 (0.71–1.64) |
| > 20 days | 172 | 119 (69.2%) | 1.62 (0.99–2.64) | 1.31 (0.78–2.21) | 1.29 (0.75–2.22) |
| Missing data | 2 | 0 (0.0%) | – | – | – |
Ref Reference group, CI Confidence interval, sd Standard deviation
a Model 1. Adjusted for income status, cost of circumcision, religion, maternal education and maternal age
bModel 2. Further adjusted for distance to health facility
c1 Ghs = 0.6 $US (2012)