Table 3.
Unadjusted Associations Between Covariates and Time-Varying Condom-Only Users (vs. Dual Method Users) Among Sexually Active HIV-Discordant Couples Who Are Not Currently Pregnant and Not Sterilized
| Condom-only using intervals | Dual method using intervals | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N intervals/means | %/SD | N intervals/means | %/SD | HR | 95% CI | p-Value (two-tail) | ||
| Couple serostatus | ||||||||
| M+F− (N = 1,393) | 6,675 | 48% | 3,316 | 55% | 1.13 | 1.07 | 1.20 | <0.0001 |
| M−F+ (N = 1,656) | 7,340 | 52% | 2,740 | 45% | Ref. | |||
| Man's age in years (mean, SD) (HR per 5-year increase) | 35.69 | 8.34 | 35.24 | 7.46 | 1.01 | 0.995 | 1.03 | 0.189 |
| Woman's age in years (mean, SD) (HR per 5-year increase) | 29.03 | 7.01 | 28.42 | 6.24 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.04 | 0.014 |
| Household Income in USD (median, IQR) (HR per 20 USD increase) | 57.50 | 71.80 | 55.20 | 71.70 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.857 |
| Years cohabiting (mean, SD) (HR per 5-year increase) | 7.09 | 6.58 | 7.60 | 5.80 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.02 | 0.552 |
| Woman reads Nyanja | ||||||||
| Yes, easily | 3,312 | 24% | 1,389 | 24% | Ref. | |||
| With difficulty/not at all | 10,647 | 76% | 4,453 | 76% | 1.02 | 0.96 | 1.08 | 0.586 |
| Man reads Nyanja | ||||||||
| Yes, easily | 4,647 | 43% | 2,042 | 45% | Ref. | |||
| With difficulty/not at all | 6,235 | 57% | 2,496 | 55% | 1.02 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.612 |
| Man's religion (2002–2012) | ||||||||
| Catholic | 1,251 | 28% | 883 | 29% | 0.95 | 0.81 | 1.11 | 0.509 |
| Other Christian | 2,297 | 52% | 1,582 | 52% | 0.95 | 0.83 | 1.10 | 0.498 |
| Other/none | 910 | 20% | 603 | 20% | Ref. | |||
| Woman's religion (2002–2012) | ||||||||
| Catholic | 1,743 | 23% | 1,025 | 24% | 1.02 | 0.90 | 1.15 | 0.775 |
| Other Christian | 4,670 | 62% | 2,673 | 61% | 1.03 | 0.92 | 1.14 | 0.637 |
| Other/none | 1,085 | 14% | 662 | 15% | Ref. | |||
| Baseline contraceptive method used | ||||||||
| None/condoms alone | 12,298 | 88% | 4,253 | 71% | Ref. | |||
| OCP | 1,128 | 8% | 916 | 15% | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.90 | 0.001 |
| Injectable | 331 | 2% | 615 | 10% | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.64 | <0.0001 |
| Implant | 81 | 1% | 115 | 2% | 0.59 | 0.34 | 1.03 | 0.065 |
| IUD | 59 | 0% | 124 | 2% | 0.50 | 0.22 | 1.14 | 0.098 |
| Number of previous pregnancies (mean, SD) (HR per pregnancy increase) | 3.49 | 2.49 | 3.76 | 2.22 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.125 |
| HIV stage of HIV+ partner | ||||||||
| Stage I | 4,818 | 34% | 2,156 | 36% | Ref. | |||
| Stage II | 4,684 | 33% | 2,117 | 35% | 1.04 | 0.97 | 1.11 | 0.315 |
| Stage III | 3573.00 | 25% | 1,403 | 23% | 1.12 | 1.05 | 1.21 | 0.002 |
| Stage IV | 940 | 7% | 380 | 6% | 1.16 | 1.04 | 1.29 | 0.007 |
| Log viral load of HIV+ partner (mean, SD) (HR per log vial load increase) | 4.53 | 0.89 | 4.39 | 93% | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.089 |
| Circumcision status (male partner) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1,874 | 13% | 773 | 13% | Ref. | |||
| No | 12,134 | 87% | 5,256 | 87% | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.12 | 0.448 |
| Man lifetime sex partners (mean, SD) (HR per partner increase) | 10.78 | 14.46 | 11.64 | 14.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.942 |
| Woman lifetime sex partners (mean, SD) (HR per partner increase) | 3.53 | 8.46 | 2.97 | 5.45 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | <0.0001 |
| Postpartum status (time varying)a | ||||||||
| Not pregnant/not postpartum | 11,363 | 96% | 5,202 | 99% | Ref. | |||
| Postpartum (up to 6 months) | 477 | 4% | 73 | 1% | 1.25 | 1.18 | 1.34 | <0.0001 |
| Fertility intentions of man (2002–2011) | ||||||||
| Yes, next year | 973 | 22% | 237 | 8% | 1.50 | 1.32 | 1.70 | <0.0001 |
| Yes, but not next year | 1,478 | 33% | 1,113 | 36% | 1.11 | 0.97 | 1.27 | 0.126 |
| Don't know/no | 2,007 | 45% | 1,718 | 56% | Ref. | |||
| Fertility intentions of woman (2002–2011) | ||||||||
| Yes, next year | 1,479 | 29% | 349 | 10% | 1.48 | 1.32 | 1.65 | <0.0001 |
| Yes, but not next year | 1,051 | 21% | 757 | 22% | 1.12 | 0.98 | 1.29 | 0.102 |
| Don't know/no | 2,517 | 50% | 2,259 | 67% | Ref. | |||
Analysis excludes n = 40 women who were sterilized at baseline (not at risk for the outcome of interest).
a
Time-varying variable.
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; USD, United States Dollar.