Table 2.

Multinomial Logistic Regression: Association of Race/Ethnicity or Insurance Type and Odds of Receipt/Prescription of an Analgesic Medication for Toothache in the Emergency Department.

	No Analgesics vs. Opioid	95% CI	Only Nonopioid vs. Opioid	95% CI
Predictor
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Non-Hispanic black	1.1	0.63 to 1.90	1.99	1.25 to 3.17
Hispanic	1.03	0.48 to 2.19	1.08	0.56 to 2.09
Insurance type
Private	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Medicare	1.31	0.42 to 4.13	4.81	2.07 to 11.17
Medicaid	1.01	0.54 to 1.91	2.12	1.25 to 3.62
Uninsured	1.18	0.70 to 1.99	2.33	1.29 to 4.21
Other	1.47	0.68 to 3.19	4.05	1.94 to 8.47
Confounders
Receipt of antibiotic
Yes	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
No	0.09	0.06 to 0.13	0.47	0.32 to 0.70
Pain
Mild	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Moderate	0.94	0.32 to 2.74	1.12	0.30 to 4.12
Severe	0.71	0.22 to 2.26	1.05	0.31 to 3.56
Missing	1.56	0.48 to 5.03	1.48	0.46 to 4.73
Receipt of procedures
None	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Related procedures	0.19	0.03 to 1.50	2.25	0.81 to 6.25
Unrelated procedures	4.18	0.28 to 62.02	2.8	0.06 to 129.25
Other	2.02	0.52 to 2.08	0.77	0.89 to 3.36
Geographic region
Northeast	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Midwest	0.52	0.25 to 1.06	0.81	0.41 to 1.60
South	0.67	0.34 to 1.33	0.73	0.37 to 1.46
West	0.66	0.33 to 1.35	0.2	0.09 to 0.47
Percentage living in poverty by zip code
<10	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
10 to 19.9	1.14	0.66 to 1.96	1.39	0.80 to 2.44
≥20	0.76	0.37 to 1.54	1.37	0.67 to 2.79
Urban-rural by zip code
Large central metro	1.00 (ref)		1.00 (ref)
Large fringe metro	0.94	0.51 to 1.74	0.7	0.34 to 1.43
Medium and small metro	1.27	0.72 to 2.23	1.56	0.89 to 2.74
Nonmetro	1.04	0.52 to 2.08	1.73	0.89 to 3.36

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; ref, reference.