| Child Characteristics |
| Child's Age at Blood Draw (years) |
2.5 (−4.4, 9.9) |
8.6 (−0.9, 18.9) |
15.3 (1.6, 30.9) |
−0.4 (−9.9, 10.1) |
−2.1 (−11.0, 7.6) |
5.8 (−10.0, 24.6) |
| Year of Blood Draw |
| 2007 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| 2008 |
5.7 (−7.9, 21.3) |
−4.1 (−19.9, 14.7) |
10.4 (−14.0, 41.7) |
40.5 (15.4, 71.1) |
12.8 (−6.5, 36.0) |
0.1 (−27.4, 37.9) |
| 2009 |
−17.1 (−27.8, −4.8) |
−28.8 (−40.6, −14.7) |
−23.8 (−40.8, −2.1) |
34.5 (10.3, 64.1) |
−1.8 (−18.6, 18.6) |
−35.1 (−53.0, −10.4) |
| 2010 |
−31.0 (−42.1, −17.8) |
−38.5 (−51.1, −22.6) |
−43.9 (−59.2, −22.8) |
29.1 (0.4, 66.0) |
−5.3 (−25.4, 20.3) |
−46.3 (−64.3, −19.1) |
| Sex |
| male |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| female |
2.7 (−5.4, 11.5) |
−2.6 (−12.4, 8.5) |
−12.5 (−24.6, 1.6) |
5.4 (−6.3, 18.5) |
4.8 (−6.2, 17.2) |
−0.8 (−18.1, 20.1) |
| Breastfeeding Duration |
| <3 months |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| 3–<6 months |
−4.4 (−17.1, 10.2) |
−5.2 (−21.3, 14.1) |
0.4 (−22.5, 30.0) |
−6.8 (−24, 14.2) |
−8.1 (−24.3, 11.6) |
−4.9 (−31.7, 32.6) |
| ≥6 months |
2.6 (−6.7, 12.9) |
8.4 (−4.3, 22.7) |
10.9 (−6.6, 31.8) |
−12.1 (−23.3, 0.8) |
−12.6 (−23.2, −0.5) |
3.9 (−16.7, 29.6) |
| BMI in Midchildhood (Percentile) |
| underweight/normal (<85th) |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| overweight (85−<95th) |
−10.1 (−20.3, 1.5) |
−9.7 (−22.9, 5.7) |
−16.9 (−33.3, 3.5) |
−0.9 (−16.7, 17.9) |
−2.8 (−17.6, 14.6) |
−6.7 (−29.6, 23.7) |
| obese (≥95fh) |
−12.1 (−22.4, −0.5) |
−7.2 (−21.1, 9.1) |
−8.0 (−26.6, 15.2) |
3.2 (−13.6, 23.3) |
−15.6 (−28.7, −0.1) |
−1.2 (−26.0, 31.9) |
| Fast Food Consumption |
| <1 per month |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| 1—3 times per month |
3.9 (−6.8, 15.8) |
−2.8 (−15.6, 11.9) |
6.4 (−12.6, 29.6) |
9.2 (−6.5, 27.6) |
1.2 (−12.6, 17.3) |
0.6 (−21.8, 29.5) |
| once per week |
−1.9 (−13.0, 10.6) |
−9.0 (−22.2, 6.4) |
3.4 (−16.8, 28.6) |
4.7 (−11.8, 24.4) |
1.1 (−14.2, 19.0) |
−10.5 (−32.4, 18.3) |
| ≥2 times per week |
13.1 (−4.9, 34.4) |
4.3 (−16.8, 30.7) |
−1.0 (−27.7, 35.6) |
18.3 (−7.7, 51.6) |
6.3 (−16.0, 34.6) |
35.0 (−9.9, 102.2) |
| Time Spent Outdoors (In Summer) |
| low |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| medium |
12.0 (−0.7, 26.4) |
17.4 (0.3, 37.4) |
17.1 (−6.0, 45.8) |
13.0 (−4.9, 34.4) |
18.1 (0.2, 39.2) |
14.5 (−13.6, 51.7) |
| high |
14.5 (0.2, 30.9) |
17.5 (−1.3, 39.9) |
6.2 (−16.7, 35.3) |
19.7 (−1.2, 45.0) |
26.9 (5.8, 52.2) |
29.5 (−5.2, 76.9) |
| Time Spent Outdoors (In Winter) |
| low |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| medium |
−1.7 (−10.8, 8.3) |
−4.4 (−15.8, 8.5) |
−15.0 (−28.8, 1.5) |
2.8 (−10.6, 18.2) |
−7.5 (−19.0, 5.6) |
−13.9 (−31.4, 8.0) |
| high |
−9.3 (−21.3, 4.4) |
−20.5 (−33.8, −4.4) |
−0.5 (−23.0, 28.6) |
−0.1 (−18.4, 22.2) |
−11.6 (−27.1, 7.1) |
−25.6 (−46.5, 3.4) |
| Maternal Characteristics |
| Age at Enrollment (per 5 years) |
−3.0 (−7.5, 1.7) |
−1.0 (−6.9, 5.3) |
−1.1 (−9.3, 7.8) |
−0.8 (−7.3, 6.2) |
−1.9 (−8.0, 4.7) |
12.5 (0.7, 25.6) |
| Race/Ethnicity |
| white |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| black |
−26.0 (−34.7, −16.2) |
−27.4 (−38.3, −14.5) |
−36.2 (−49.2, −20.0) |
−3.7 (−19.5, 15.1) |
−6.9 (−21.5, 10.3) |
−32.7 (−49.7, −10.0) |
| other |
−12.6 (−23.1, −0.8) |
−11.2 (−24.8, 4.8) |
−36.3 (−49.4, −19.8) |
11.2 (−7.3, 33.4) |
−1.8 (−17.4, 16.7) |
−23.7 (−43.3, 2.6) |
| Education |
| <college |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| college |
7.0 (−4.6, 20.0) |
12.3 (−3.3, 30.4) |
24.3 (0.9, 53.0) |
10.3 (−6.4, 29.9) |
6.2 (−9.2, 24.1) |
−13.9 (−31.4, 8.0) |
| Education |
| >college |
12.3 (−1.1, 27.5) |
20.3 (1.8, 42.0) |
38.2 (9.7, 74.2) |
3.5 (−13.7, 24.3) |
11.0 (− 6.6, 32.1) |
−25.6 (−46.5, 3.4) |
| Married or Cohabitating |
| no |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| yes |
8.1 (−7.9, 26.9) |
2.1 (−17.1, 25.8) |
−1.4 (−26.3, 31.8) |
−4.4 (−24.0, 20.2) |
2.9 (−17.2, 28.0) |
−3.4 (−33.5, 40.4) |
| Parity |
| 0 |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| ≥1 |
8.7 (−0.5, 18.7) |
2.0 (−9.0, 14.5) |
−0.5 (−15.2, 16.8) |
4.6 (−7.8, 18.7) |
3.8 (−7.9, 17.1) |
2.8 (−16.3, 26.3) |
| Household Characteristics |
| Annual Household Income |
| ≤$40K |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| $>40-≤70K |
−8.6 (−22.4, 7.7) |
4.8 (−15.4, 29.8) |
−3.9 (−28.6, 29.5) |
0.5 (−20.6, 27.1) |
0.3 (−19.8, 25.4) |
18.8 (−18.9, 74.2) |
| $>70−≤150K |
−5.4 (−19.2, 10.7) |
−10.7 (−27.3, 9.6) |
−20.5 (−40.3, 5.8) |
1.9 (−18.7, 27.8) |
−8.9 (−26.5, 13.0) |
−11.4 (−38.6, 27.9) |
| >$1S0K |
−6.7 (−22, 11.5) |
−13.8 (−31.8, 8.9) |
−27.7 (−47.8, 0.1) |
3.3 (−20.1, 33.6) |
−8.4 (−28.2, 16.9) |
−9.0 (−40.0, 38.2) |
| Carpeting or a Rug in Room Where Child Sleeps |
| no |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| yes |
8.1 (−1.7, 18.8) |
18.5 (4.8, 34.0) |
14.5 (−3.5, 35.9) |
−0.2 (−12.9, 14.2) |
10.0 (−3.2, 25.1) |
23.8 (−0.6, 54.3) |
| Carpeting or a Rug in Room Where Child Spends Most Awake Time |
| no |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
ref |
| yes |
−1.4 (−10.6, 8.7) |
−1.2 (−13.0, 12.2) |
1.2 (−15.3, 20.7) |
−7.1 (−19.2, 6.8) |
−13.9 (−24.6, −1.7) |
−6.5 (−25.5, 17.3) |
| Neighborhood Characteristics |
| Census Tract Median Household Income (per $10,000 increase) |
1.5 (−0.5, 3.6) |
2.8 (0.2, 5.6) |
0.7 (−2.9, 4.4) |
0.9 (−2.0, 3.8) |
4.1 (1.3, 7.0) |
4.6 (−0.2, 9.6) |
| Model R2
|
0.25 |
0.22 |
0.19 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
0.16 |
