Table 3. Multiple linear stepwise regression with β-estimates and standard errors for the association between dietary and lifestyle variables and log-transformed (log2) HbAA, HbGA, HbAA+HbGA, and HbGA/HbAA.
| Hemoglobin | Dietary and/or life style variables | β (SE) | P-value | Partial R2 | Model R2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adducts | |||||
| Log2HbAA | Salty biscuits, aperitif biscuits, crackers | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.3 |
| Dry cakes, biscuits | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.003 | 0.01 | ||
| Tea | -0.01 (0.005) | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
| Vegetables | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.02 | 0.005 | ||
| BMI | -0.15 (0.07) | 0.05 | 0.004 | ||
| Deep frying fats | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.08 | 0.003 | ||
| Log2HbGA | Dry cakes, biscuits | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.26 |
| Salty biscuits, aperitif biscuits, crackers | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.0002 | 0.01 | ||
| Alcohol at recruitment | -0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| Deep frying fats | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
| Coffee | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.06 | 0.003 | ||
| Tea | -0.01 (0.01) | 0.07 | 0.003 | ||
| Log2 (HbAA+HbGA) | Salty biscuits, aperitif biscuits, crackers | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.29 |
| Dry cakes, biscuits | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.0005 | 0.01 | ||
| Tea | -0.01 (0.005) | 0.02 | 0.005 | ||
| Deep frying fats | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.03 | 0.004 | ||
| Fiber | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.05 | 0.003 | ||
| Coffee | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.08 | 0.003 | ||
| HbGA/HbAA | BMI | 0.14 (0.03) | <0.0001 | 0.03 | 0.13 |
| Alcohol at recruitment | -0.01 (0.002) | 0.00002 | 0.02 | ||
| Education level | |||||
| None | reference | - | 0.006 | ||
| Primary school completed | -0.01 (0.02) | 0.73 | |||
| Technical/professional school | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.51 | |||
| Secondary school | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.61 | |||
| Higher education | -0.06 (0.03) | 0.05 | |||
| Not specified | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.70 | |||
| Missing | -0.04 (0.07) | 0.53 | |||
| Ever use of OCs | |||||
| No | reference | - | |||
| Yes | -0.02 (0.01) | 0.12 | 0.003 | ||
| Missing | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.53 | |||
| Physical activity | |||||
| Inactive | reference | - | 0.003 | ||
| Moderately inactive | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.28 | |||
| Moderately active | -0.02 (0.02) | 0.29 | |||
| Active | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.77 | |||
| Missing | -0.03 (0.09) | 0.74 | |||
| Ever use of HRT | |||||
| No | reference | - | |||
| Yes | 0.004 (0.02) | 0.81 | 0.002 | ||
| Missing | -0.05 (0.04) | 0.22 | |||
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | reference | - | |||
| Yes | -0.02 (0.03) | 0.47 | 0.001 | ||
| Missing | -0.03 (0.07) | 0.64 | |||
SE, standard error; HbAA, hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide; HbGA, hemoglobin adducts of glycidamide; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); HRT, hormonal replacement therapy; OC, oral contraceptive.
All models are adjusted for country, age at recruitment (y), date of blood donation, fasting status (no, in between, yes), and type of control (endometrial, ovarian control). All independent continuous variables were log-transformed (log2) to improve normality.