Fig 3. The effects of copper and iron on yeast mutant cells.

Serially diluted cultures of WT and yeast mutants with empty vector and a plasmid expressing 14-3-3 were spotted on galactose media with and without copper (CuSO₄) or iron (FeCl₃). (A) The mutants used are ATG1Δ for autophagy, YCA1Δ, and YBH3Δ for apoptosis. The concentrations used are 2mM CuSO₄ and 5.5mM FeCl₃. (B) Mutant used is VMA3Δ for necrosis. The concentration of copper used is 0.5mM and 2mM CuSO4 and iron concentration is 2mM and 6mM FeCl₃. The plates were incubated at 30°C for four days.