Table 2. Change in cognitive measures at week 48.
| Rivastigmine (n = 5) |
Lithium (n = 6) |
Control (n = 6) |
p Value a; b | d Size a; b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention/working memory | ||||||
| Digit span forward (WAIS-III) | 0.28 (0.38) | 0.11 (0.68) | 0.58 (0.68) | 0.404; 0.267 | –0.53; –0.69 | |
| Digit span backward (WAIS-III) | –0.32 (0.43) | –0.01 (0.69) | –0.36 (0.80) | 0.910; 0.437 | 0.06; 0.47 | |
| Letters-numbers (WAIS-III) | –0.08 (0.65) | 0.01 (0.91) | 0.21 (0.38) | 0.372; 0.631 | –0.56; –0.29 | |
| Information processing speed | ||||||
| Total time (TMT-A) | 0.64 (1.14) | 0.90 (1.56) | 0.61 (0.72) | 0.968; 0.695 | 0.03; 0.24 | |
| Written score (SDMT) | –0.06 (0.44) | 0.25 (0.24) | 0.28 (0.56) | 0.296; 0.896 | –0.67; –0.07 | |
| Verbal memory | ||||||
| Long-term free recall (CVLT-II) | 0.40 (0.89) | 0.33 (0.60) | –0.08 (1.06) | 0.443; 0.425 | 0.49; 0.48 | |
| Learning | ||||||
| Total A list (CVLT-II) | 0.60 (0.40) | 0.61 (0.88) | 0.26 (1.33) | 0.607; 0.604 | 0.33; 0.31 | |
| Executive functioning | ||||||
| Total time (TMT-B) | 0.60 (0.89) | –0.30 (1.80) | 0.33 (1.52) | 0.739; 0.526 | 0.21; –0,38 | |
| Interference score (Stroop test) | 0.72 (0.52) | 0.38 (0.72) | –0.10 (0.84) | 0.101; 0.331 | 1.15; 0.61 | |
| Total moves (TOL) | 0.70 (0.73) | 1.05 (0.81) | –0.61 (1.28) | 0.073; 0.022 | 1.22; 1.55 | |
| Percentage errors (WCST) | 0.90 (1.11) | 0.35 (0.69) | –0.02 (1.28) | 0.260; 0.556 | 0.76; 0.36 | |
| Verbal fluency | ||||||
| Total score (COWAT) | 0.48 (0.55) | 0.23 (0.88) | 0.15 (0.42) | 0.290; 0.839 | 0.68; 0.11 | |
| Total score (Animals test) | 0.06 (0.90) | –0.36 (0.77) | –0.05 (0.62) | 0.817; 0.455 | 0.14; –0.44 | |
| Motor function | ||||||
| Dominant hand time (GPT) | 0.38 (0.93) | –0.08 (0.71) | –0.21 (0.93) | 0.778; 0.545 | 0.63; 0.15 | |
| Non-dominant hand time (GPT) | 0.56 (0.92) | –0.16 (0.39) | –0.11 (0.71) | 0.202; 0.883 | 0.82; –0.09 | |
| Global | ||||||
| NPZ-7 | 0.35 (0.14) | 0.25 (0.40) | 0.20 (0.44) | 0.484; 0.849 | 0.38; 0.12 |
Values are expressed as mean (standard deviation) except when indicated otherwise.
Higher change scores represent improvement.
Abbreviations: COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test—Version II; GDS, global deficit score; GPT, Grooved Pegboard Test; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT-A, Trail Making Test—Part A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test—Part B; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Version III; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; TOL, Tower of London.
a Comparison between rivastigmine group and control group.
b Comparison between lithium group and control group.