Table S4.

Associations between Maternal behavior and young adult test measures

Task no.	Task description	Estimate	German Shepherd	Labrador Retriever	Golden Retriever
1a	Isolation, anxious	0.08
1b	Isolation, active	0.57**
2	Distraction	0.14
3	Sustained attention	0.01
4a	Memory problem solving, superior performance	0.24
4b	Memory problem solving, accuracy	−2.16**	0.08	0.44	−1.72**
5	Multistep problem solving, poor performance	0.48*
6	Cylinder	−0.01
7	Detour problem solving, poor performance	−0.16
8	Greeting	0.08
9	Ball play	0.04
10a	Novel object, wary	−1.85*	−0.14	0.96**	−0.89
10b	Novel object, quiet	−0.59*
11a	Umbrella opening, reactivity	−0.19
11b	Umbrella opening, recovery	−2.03*	0.00	1.12*	−0.92

Estimate values are listed under each breed in the event of an interaction. Estimates that were significant at P < 0.05 or less are bolded. Predictor variables included the following: Maternal behavior; breed (German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, or Golden Retriever); litter size, 2–10; maternal parity, 1–5; sex of puppy, 1/0 (male or female); and age at return, 14–17 mo. Litter ID was entered as a random effect. n = 98 (32 release dogs and 66 successes). Statistical tests of significance used GEE (**P < 0.01; *P < 0.05).