Table 1.

Model exploring the combined effect of Maternal behavior and young adult performance on outcome

Predictor variables	OR	Estimate	SE	Wald	P value
Maternal behavior	2.61	0.96	0.44	4.62	0.032*
Multistep problem-solving poor performance	1.67	0.51	0.24	4.52	0.034*
Novel object quiet	0.50	−0.69	0.33	4.39	0.036*
Golden score	0.59	−0.53	0.31	2.89	0.089
Labrador score	0.72	−0.33	0.45	0.54	0.461
Maternal parity	1.04	0.04	0.14	0.07	0.792
Sex of puppy	0.42	−0.86	0.57	2.27	0.132
Age at return	0.57	−0.57	0.24	5.94	0.015*
Interaction	0.27	−1.32	0.40	11.00	<0.001***
Umbrella-opening reactivity × German Shepherd	0.75	−0.29	0.52	0.30	0.584
Umbrella-opening reactivity × Labrador Retriever	1.80	0.59	0.27	4.89	0.027*
Umbrella-opening reactivity × Golden Retriever	0.48	−0.73	0.32	5.28	0.022*

The dependent variable was outcome in the program, 1/0 (released from program or successfully placed as guide or breeder). Predictor variables retained were as follows: Maternal behavior; multistep problem-solving poor performance; long latency to vocalize when presented with a novel object; an interaction between umbrella-opening reactivity and breed (German Shepherd, Labrador Retriever, and Golden Retriever); Golden score, Golden Retriever compared with German Shepherd; Labrador score, Labrador Retriever compared with German Shepherd; maternal parity, 1–5; sex of puppy, 1/0 (male or female); and age at return, 14–17 mo. Litter ID was entered as a random effect. n = 98 (32 release dogs, 66 successes). Statistical tests of significance used GEE (***P < 0.001; *P < 0.05).