Fig. 1.

Approximate sampling locations of Atlantic cod in the northern Atlantic region in Europe. (A) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) specimens (sample size is indicated between brackets) were obtained from modern populations (black) and archaeological excavations (red). The NEA sample was obtained in winter, when this population migrates southwards from the Barents Sea to the Lofoten Archipelago to spawn. The Lofoten population was sampled during summer when the NEA cod are absent from this region. The modern range of Atlantic cod is indicated by blue shading. (B) Archaeological Atlantic cod jaw-bone (premaxilla) from Orkney.