Table 2.

Knowledge of study participants in correctly answering questions regarding symptoms of envenomation and first aid management

Knowledge of study participant	Rural (n=51)a)			Urban (n=68)b)			Total (n=119)
	n	%		n	%		n	%
Symptoms of envenomation
Coagulation disorder is a symptom envenomation after GPVc) and MPVd) bite	26	51.0		45	66.2		71	59.7
Muscle paralysis with respiratory failure is a symptom of envenomation after cobra or krait bites	35	68.8		37	54.4		72	60.5
Ptosis is a sign of muscle paralysis and criterion for antivenom administration	42	82.4		55	80.9		97	81.5
Local signs are minimal or absent after krait bites	39	76.5		31	45.6		70	58.8
First aid management
Incision of the bite site should not be performed for first aid	49	96.1		65	95.6		114	95.8
Tourniquet method should not be performed for first aid	47	92.2		59	86.8		106	89.1
Immobilization of the victim and the bitten limb should be performed for first aid	49	96.1		56	82.4		105	88.2
Suction of the bite site should not be performed for first aid	49	96.1		66	97.1		115	96.6
Massage of the bite site should not be performed for first aid	48	94.1		68	100		116	97.5
Intramuscular injection of analgesics should not be performed for first aid	37	72.5		54	79.4		91	76.5

^a) The rural hospitals were Sepon Hospital (n=30) and Phine Hospital (n=21)

^b) The urban hospital was Savannakhet Provincial Hospital (n=68)

^c) GPV, Green pit viper.

^d) MPV, Malayan pit viper.