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. 2017 Aug 30;7:10052. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10283-4

Figure 2.

Figure 2

(S)-Oxiracetam is the active ingredient in oxiracetam that alleviates the pathological damage in the 2-VO rats. (a) Nissl staining in the hippocampus CA1 regions. Black arrows indicate neuronal shrinkage, and red arrows indicate neuronal loss. (b) (S)-Oxiracetam decreased the number of dark neurons in the hippocampus CA1 regions. (c) Nissl staining in the cortex regions. Black arrows indicate neuronal shrinkage, and red arrows indicate neuronal loss. (d) (S)-Oxiracetam decreased the number of dark neurons in the cortex regions. Dark arrow indicates vacuolation in the optic tract. (e) Kluver-Barrera staining in the optic tracts. (f) (S)-Oxiracetam decreased the grading scores of the white matter lesions in the optic tracts. (g) GFAP immunochemistry staining in the hippocampus CA1 regions. (h) (S)-Oxiracetam inhibited astrocyte activation in the hippocampus CA1 regions. So: (S)-oxiracetam; Ro: (R)-oxiracetam; Rso: oxiracetam. Scale bar = 20 μm. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM, n = 3 per group. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences among the groups. # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. sham group; * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. model group.