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. 2017 Aug 30;7:10022. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10733-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Scanning electron microscopy showing the epithelium of the trachea. (A) The surface of the normal trachea was crowded with many cilia. (B) A high-magnification image of the surface of the normal trachea revealed relatively healthy ciliated epithelium. (C) The surface of the neo-trachea near the transition zone between the normal trachea and the neo-trachea showed scanty cilia. (D) A high-magnification image of the neo-trachea surface revealed a relatively firm epithelial ultrastructure; however, ciliary structure was notably sparse. (E) In a small area of the neo-trachea, a dysmorphic surface was observed. (F) A magnified view of the dysmorphic area showed no ciliary structure.