Table 4. Dietary associations with nephrolithiasis.
Factor | Association |
---|---|
Increased dietary calcium intake | |
Men | ↓ |
Women | ↓ |
Increased supplemental calcium intake | |
Men | ↑/↔ |
Women | ↔ |
Increased animal protein intake | |
Men | ↑ |
Women | ↓/↑ |
Increased fluid intake | |
Men | ↓ |
Women | ↓ |
Vitamin D | |
Men | ↔ |
Women | ↔ |
Vitamin C | |
Men | ↑ |
Women | ↔ |
Oxalate | |
Men | ↔ |
Women | ↔ |
Coffee and tea | |
Men | ↓ |
Women | ↓ |
Sugar sweetened soda | |
Men | ↑ |
Women | ↑ |
Fresh fruit intake | |
Men | ↓ |
Women | ↓ |
Vegetable intake | |
Men | ↔ |
Women | ↔ |