Table 5.
Associations Between Photographic Measures and ln(AHI+1)
| Measure | Unadjusted |
Age-, Sex-, and Race-Adjusted |
Age-, Sex-, Race-, and BMI-Adjusted |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimatea | P | Estimatea | P | Estimatea | P | |
| Photograph P1 | ||||||
| Modified Mallampati score | Overall | .0001 | Overall | .002 | Overall | .015 |
| Class I | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … |
| Class II | 0.40 (–0.06 to 0.86) | .085 | 0.38 (–0.05 to 0.81) | .083 | 0.38 (0.00 to 0.76) | .049 |
| Class III | 0.54 (0.11 to 0.97) | .014 | 0.52 (0.12 to 0.92) | .011 | 0.42 (0.06 to 0.78) | .021 |
| Class IV | 0.77 (0.38 to 1.16) | < .001 | 0.65 (0.28 to 1.02) | .001 | 0.51 (0.19 to 0.84) | .002 |
| Airway not visible | 0.45 (0.22 to 0.68) | < .001 | 0.37 (0.15 to 0.58) | .001 | 0.23 (0.04 to 0.43) | .018 |
| Mouth width | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.21) | .001 | 0.08 (–0.01 to 0.16) | .067 | 0.01 (–0.06 to 0.08) | .799 |
| Mouth height | 0.04 (–0.04 to 0.12) | .320 | 0.00 (–0.08 to 0.08) | .946 | –0.03 (–0.09 to 0.04) | .478 |
| Mouth area | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.18) | .016 | 0.06 (–0.03 to 0.14) | .179 | –0.00 (–0.08 to 0.07) | .915 |
| Tongue width | 0.25 (0.17 to 0.34) | < .0001 | 0.17 (0.09 to 0.26) | < .001 | 0.05 (–0.03 to 0.12) | .218 |
| Photograph P2 | ||||||
| Standard Mallampati score | Overall | < .0001 | Overall | .002 | Overall | .035 |
| Class I | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … |
| Class II | 0.04 (–0.47 to 0.56) | .868 | 0.34 (–0.16 to 0.84) | .183 | 0.19 (–0.25 to 0.64) | .395 |
| Class III | 0.48 (0.01 to 0.95) | .047 | 0.58 (0.13 to 1.04) | .011 | 0.40 (–0.00 to 0.80) | .053 |
| Class IV | 0.72 (0.26 to 1.18) | .002 | 0.71 (0.27 to 1.15) | .002 | 0.46 (0.06 to 0.85) | .023 |
| Mouth width | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.21) | .007 | 0.06 (–0.02 to 0.15) | .159 | 0.02 (–0.06 to 0.09) | .655 |
| Tongue width | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.29) | < .0001 | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.24) | < .001 | 0.06 (–0.01 to 0.13) | .102 |
| Tongue length | 0.01 (–0.07 to 0.10) | .806 | 0.01 (–0.08 to 0.09) | .895 | –0.06 (–0.13 to 0.02) | .130 |
| Tongue area | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.18) | .027 | 0.07 (–0.01 to 0.15) | .097 | –0.01 (–0.08 to 0.06) | .757 |
| Photograph P3 | ||||||
| Tongue length | 0.04 (–0.06 to 0.13) | .447 | 0.02 (–0.06 to 0.11) | .603 | –0.04 (–0.12 to 0.04) | .335 |
| Tongue area | 0.09 (–0.00 to 0.18) | .053 | 0.04 (–0.04 to 0.13) | .319 | –0.03 (–0.11 to 0.05) | .416 |
| Tongue thickness | 0.24 (0.15 to 0.33) | < .0001 | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.24) | .001 | 0.06 (–0.02 to 0.14) | .153 |
| Tongue curvature | –0.01 (–0.10 to 0.08) | .817 | –0.01 (–0.10 to 0.08) | .801 | –0.05 (–0.13 to 0.02) | .178 |
| Photograph P4 | ||||||
| Airway width | 0.01 (–0.18 to 0.20) | .908 | –0.03 (–0.20 to 0.14) | .739 | –0.02 (–0.17 to 0.12) | .780 |
| Uvula length (airway) | 0.09 (–0.08 to 0.26) | .308 | 0.11 (–0.05 to 0.26) | .174 | 0.04 (–0.10 to 0.17) | .606 |
| Uvula width (airway) | 0.14 (0.02 to 0.25) | .021 | 0.01 (–0.11 to 0.12) | .926 | 0.03 (–0.07 to 0.12) | .588 |
| Uvula area (airway) | 0.17 (–0.00 to 0.34) | .054 | 0.12 (–0.03 to 0.28) | .124 | 0.07 (–0.07 to 0.21) | .319 |
| Global measures | ||||||
| Global Mallampati score | Overall | < .0001 | Overall | .001 | Overall | .034 |
| Class I | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … |
| Class II | 0.20 (–0.41 to 0.81) | .525 | 0.23 (–0.35 to 0.81) | .437 | 0.17 (–0.34 to 0.68) | .521 |
| Class III | 0.55 (–0.02 to 1.13) | .060 | 0.50 (–0.04 to 1.05) | .069 | 0.30 (–0.18 to 0.78) | .218 |
| Class IV | 0.82 (0.27 to 1.38) | .004 | 0.69 (0.17 to 1.22) | .010 | 0.44 (–0.03 to 0.91) | .066 |
| Evident tongue ridging | –0.09 (–0.27 to 0.09) | .345 | –0.04 (–0.21 to 0.14) | .693 | 0.04 (–0.12 to 0.19) | .656 |
| Tonsil hypertrophy | Overall | .005 | Overall | .0001 | Overall | .001 |
| Grade 0 | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … |
| Grade 1 | –0.07 (–0.39 to 0.26) | .683 | 0.19 (–0.10 to 0.49) | .204 | 0.14 (–0.12 to 0.40) | .280 |
| Grade 2 | 0.30 (–0.04 to 0.64) | .088 | 0.52 (0.20 to 0.83) | .001 | 0.43 (0.16 to 0.71) | .002 |
| Grades 3 and 4 | 0.52 (0.17 to 0.88) | .004 | 0.73 (0.39 to 1.07) | < .0001 | 0.54 (0.24 to 0.84) | .001 |
| Pharyngeal narrowing | Overall | < .0001 | Overall | < .0001 | Overall | .001 |
| Grade 0 | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … | 0.00 (ref) | … |
| Grade 1 | 0.10 (–0.32 to 0.52) | .637 | 0.26 (–0.13 to 0.65) | .187 | 0.31 (–0.04 to 0.65) | .083 |
| Grade 2 | 0.30 (–0.11 to 0.71) | .155 | 0.45 (0.06 to 0.84) | .023 | 0.32 (–0.02 to 0.67) | .065 |
| Grade 3 | 0.97 (0.49 to 1.45) | < .001 | 1.02 (0.57 to 1.47) | < .0001 | 0.77 (0.37 to 1.18) | < .001 |
P values for differences in photograph measures significant after Hochberg correction are shown in bold.
a
Estimates presented as estimated mean change (95% CI) in ln(AHI+1) (natural log) from linear regression models (unadjusted or controlling for indicated covariates) associated with a 1 SD increase in continuous measures or compared with the indicated reference category for categorical measures.