Table 1.

Sample, Quality, and Prevalence of Types of Reproductive Coercion in Quantitative Studies

First Author (year)	Sample, Setting and Design	Race/Ethnicity and SES of Sample (if noted)	Subgroup(s)	Prevalence				Quality Rating
				Reproductive Coercion	Pregnancy Coercion	Birth Control Sabotage	Abortion Coercion
Finer (2005)	1,209 abortion patients	31% Black	Partner wanting abortion was most important reason for abortion				0.5%	QI
	11 locations in the United States	19% Hispanic remainder not specified
	Mixed methods	SES: 60% low-income
Gee (2009)	1,463 women over age 18	57% White	Partner makes it difficult to use birth control (past 4 months):					QII
	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	23% Black
	Cross-sectional survey	15% Other
			No IPV			4.6%
		[Note: this data was not reported, but was calculated from other data provided in the study]	Past year IPV			13.5%
			Did not use birth control because partner did not want to/wanted participant to get pregnant:			6.1%
			No IPV			16.7%
			Past year IPV
Miller (2010)	1,278 women ages 16–29 seeking care in 5 family planning clinics California Cross-sectional survey	29.9% Hispanic	Overall		19.1%	15%		QI
		28.1% Black
		22.4% White	Hispanic		16.8%	11.5%
		12.5% Asian/other	Black		25.9%	27.0%
		7.1% multiracial	White		13.3%	7.3%
			Asian/Other		15.0%	9.4%
			Multiracial		27.5%	15.4%
Silverman (2010)	1,318 men ages 18–35 who had ever had sex Boston, Massachusetts	48.5% Black	Partner sought to compel abortion				4.1%	QII
		31.5% Hispanic
		11.9% Other	Partner sought to prevent abortion				8%
	Cross-sectional survey	8.1% White
Miller (2011)	906 women ages 16–29 years	29.7% Hispanic	Past 3 months at baseline:					QI
		27.9% Black	Intervention group		9.3%,	10.7%
	Northern California	22.9% White	Control group		7.9%	7.0%
	Cluster randomized control trial	12.9% Asian/Pacific Islander/other
		6.7% multiracial
Silverman (2011)	356 women aged 14–20 who had ever had sex	40% White	Coerced into sex without a condom			20%		QI
		34% Hispanic
	Boston, Massachusetts	20% Black
	Cross-sectional survey	6% other
Foster (2012)	5,109 women who sought abortions at one clinic	56.1% White/Hispanic	Pushed to have an abortion against their wishes			2%		QI
		38.8% Black
	United States	2.6% mixed/other
	Cross-sectional survey	1.8% missing
		0.7% Asian
Chibber (2014)	954 pregnant women, 15 years or older, meeting criteria for the parent study (the Turnaway Study)	37% White	Coerced to have abortion by partner				0.1%	QI
		29% Black
		21% Hispanic
		13% other
	Multiple locations in the United States	SES: at least 68% low-income
	Mixed methods
Clark (2014)	641 women ages 18–44, literate	41.8% Latina	Overall	16%				QI
		27% White	Latina1	5.7%
	Urban location	16.4% Black	Black	3.2%
	Cross-sectional survey	8.7% other	White	3%
		6.1% >1 race	Other	1.7%
			>1 race	1.7%
		SES: 79% low-income
Dick (2014)	1,008 youth ages 14–18 (RC results from 769 female participants only)	36.5% Hispanic	No cyber dating abuse	4%				QI
		27.1% Black	Low cyber dating abuse	11.6%
		15.5% Asian	High cyber dating abuse	21.6%
	Northern California	10.7% Multiracial
	Cross-sectional survey	5.2% White
		5.1% Native Amer./
		Pacific Islander
Kazmerski (2014)	1,262 women ages 16–29 years seeking care in 5 family planning clinics	30% Hispanic	Past 3 months	13%				QI
		27.9% Black
		22.6% White
	Northern California	8.5% multiracial/other
	Cross-sectional survey	5.7% Native
		Amer./Pacific Isl./Alaskan
		Native/Native Hawaiian
		5.4% Asian
McCauley (2014)	564 girls ages 14–19 seeking services at school-based health clinics, who completed questions on sexual minority status	36.9% Hispanic	Overall	12.4%				QI
		29.1% Black
		15.6% Asian	Sexual minority group females	12.3%
		8.9% multiracial
		5% White
	Northern California	4.6% Amer. Indian/
	Cross-sectional survey	Pacific Islander
Miller (2014)	3539 women aged 16–29 seeking care in 24 rural and urban family planning clinics	80.3% White	Past 3 months	5%	1.7%			QI
		13.3% Black
		2.9% multiracial	Past 3 months by race:
		1.6% Hispanic
	Pennsylvania	1.6% Asian/other	White	3.7%
	Cross-sectional survey		Black	12.5%
			Multiracial	5.9%
			Hispanic	8.8%
			Asian/Other	7.3%
			Past 3 months:
			Partner removing condom during sex			1.6%
			Poking holes in condoms			0.2%
			Breaking condoms			0.4%
			Preventing access to birth control			0.4%
			Coerced into sex without a condom			0.5%
McCauley (2015)	3,455 women aged 16–29 years seeking care at family planning clinics, whose partners were equally men and women, or mostly or exclusively men	80.6% White	Past 3 months	5.1%				QI
		13.1% Black
		2.9% Multiracial	Women who have sex with women and men	9.3%
		1.6% Other
		1.5% Hispanic/Latina	Women who have sex with men	4.6%
	Western Pennsylvania
	Cross-sectional survey
Patel (2015)	1,388 non-pregnant women age 16–40	21.3% White			1%			QI
		35.2% Black
	Southeast Texas	22.9% Hispanic
	Cross-sectional survey	Remainder not specified
	SES: 80% low-income
Sutherland (2015)	972 women aged 18–25, enrolled at a large public university; sexually active	75.3% White		8%	6.8%	3.9%		QI
		10.3% Hispanic
		9.6% Asian	White	6.6%
	Northeast United States	4.8% Black	Hispanic	16.7%
	Cross-sectional survey		Asian	6.7%
			Black	15.6%

NOTE: SES = socioeconomic status, RC = reproductive coercion

Quality ratings for cross-sectional and mixed-methods studies are as follows (Cesario et al., 2002):

QI: Total score of 22.5–30 indicates that 75% to 100% of the total criteria were met.

QII: Total score of 15–22.4 indicates that 50% to 74% of the total criteria were met.

QIII: Total score of less than 15 indicates that less than 50% of the total criteria were met.

Quality ratings for randomized control studies are as follows (Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP), n.d.):

1. STRONG (no WEAK ratings)
2. MODERATE (one WEAK rating)
3. WEAK (two or more WEAK ratings)

¹Racial and ethnic prevalence was calculated from data provided.