Table 1.
Toxins from anguimorph lizard venoms with characterised activities.
| Toxin Type | Species Recovered from | Activity | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| AVIT | V. komodoensis, V. varius | While lizard forms have yet to be tested, snake venom homologues have been shown to have potent ability to contract smooth muscle and also induce hyperalgesia | [23,33,68] |
| BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide) | C. warreni, G. infernalis, H. horridum, H. suspectum, V. glauerti, V. komodoensis, V. scalaris, V. varius | Hypotension mediated by relaxation of aortic smooth muscle | [23,27,32,33,62,69] |
| Cholecystoxin | V. varius | Binding to cholecystokinin receptor to stimulate smooth muscle contraction | [27] |
| CRiSP (cysteine rich secretory protein) | C. warreni, G. infernalis, H. horridum, H. suspectum, O. apodus, S. crocodilurus, V. acanthurus, V. albigularis, V. eremius, V. giganteus, V. gilleni, V. glauerti, V. gouldii, V. indicus, V. komodoensis, V. mertensi, V. mitchelli, V. scalaris, V. tristis, V. varius | Blockage of ryanodine receptors and potassium channels, producing lethargy, paralysis, and hypothermia | [23,32,33,69,70,71,72,73,74] |
| Celestoxin | C. warreni | Hypotension inducing | [27] |
| Exendin | H. exasperatu, H. horridum, H. suspectum | Hypotension mediated by relaxation of aortic smooth muscle | [27,75,76,77] |
| Goannatyrotoxin | V. eremius | Hypertensive/hypotensive triphasic effect | [27] |
| Helofensin | H. exasperatum, H. horridum, H. suspectum | Blockage of nerve impulse | [27,78] |
| Helokinestatin | C. warreni, G. infernalis, H. horridum, H. suspectum | Bradykinin inhibition | [23,27,32,33,60,62] |
| Kallikrein | C. warreni, G. infernalis, H. horridum, H. suspectum, O. apodus, V. gilleni, V. glauerti, V. scalaris, V. tristis, V. varius | Kinin release from kininogen, cleavage of fibrinogen | [23,32,33,45,79,80,81,82,83,84,85] |
| Type III phospholipase A2 (PLA2) | C. warren, H. horridum, H. suspectum, O. apodus, S. crododilurus, V. acanthurus, V. albigularis, V. eremius, V. giganteus, V. gilleni, V. glauerti, V. gouldii, V. indicus, V. komodoensis, V. mertensi, V. mitchelli, V. scalaris, V. tristis, V. varius | Inhibition of epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation | [23,32,86] |