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. 2017 Aug 10;6:e29942. doi: 10.7554/eLife.29942

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© 2017, Moeller et al

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 1. — When a protein (top) undergoes mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation the ADP-ribose (red circle) can be added to a glutamate (Glu) or aspartate (Asp; left) or a serine (Ser; right). It is also possible for multiple units of ADP-ribose to be added to a protein at a given target site in a process known as poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (bottom). The enzymes PARP1 and PARP2 are involved in ADP-ribosylation of both Glu/Asp and Ser, with a protein called HPF1 acting as a cofactor in the mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of Ser. The enzymes involved in the reversal of both mono- and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation are shown. Fontana et al. have shown that ARH3 is exclusively responsible for reversing the mono(ADP-ribosyl)ation of Ser, and that it is also involved (with PARG) in reversing the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of Ser.