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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Sep 15.
Published in final edited form as: Life Sci. 2017 Jul 16;185:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.016

Figure 2. Osmotic pumps provide a non-analgesic dosage of morphine.

Figure 2

Male C57BL/6NCr mice (n=10) were treated with three distinct paradigms: (i) acute injection (20 mg/kg, s.c., twice daily); (ii) osmotic pump (64 mg/mL, 1.0 μL/hour); and (iii) slow-release pellet (25 mg). Control mice (n=5) received placebo pumps or pellets. Immediately prior to morphine treatment, animals’ baseline response was measured (‘baseline’). Following morphine implantation/injection, mice were tested for 7 days with tail flick test at identical timepoints to those taken for the pharmacokinetics study (figure 1). For each test, animals’ tails were submerged in 50°C water and observed for tail withdrawal. Tails were removed after 10 sec to prevent damage. Significance is shown as *p < 0.05 compared to control (placebo pellet or pump), #p < 0.05 compared to morphine S.C. injection, $p < 0.05 compared to osmotic pump, as determined by a two-way ANOVA with a Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test.