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. 2017 Aug 2;18(8):1686. doi: 10.3390/ijms18081686

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Figure 2

The enhancing effects of AA are also observed in human monocytes or macrophages exposed to peroxynitrite. Human monocytes were pre-exposed for 15 min to increasing concentrations of AA and then treated for a further: 10 min (A); or 30 min (B) with 100 µM peroxynitrite. After treatments, the cells were analyzed for: MitoSOX red-fluorescence (A); and DNA damage (B). Results represent the means ± SD calculated from at least three separate experiments using monocytes from three different donors. * p < 0.01 or ** p < 0.001 as compared to untreated cells (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s test). Human monocytes (C,D); or macrophages (E,F) were pre-exposed for 15 min to 100 µM AA, or for 5 min to antimycin A (Ant A), and then treated for a further: 10 min (C,E); or 30 min (D,F) with 100 µM peroxynitrite. In some experiments, rotenone, myxothiazol, or Ry, were given to the cultures prior to peroxynitrite. After treatments, the cells were analyzed for: MitoSOX red-fluorescence (C,E); and DNA damage (D,F). Results represent the means ± SD calculated from at least three separate experiments using monocytes (or monocyte-derived macrophages) from three different donors. ** p < 0.001 as compared to untreated cells (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test).