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. 2017 Aug 2;18(8):1686. doi: 10.3390/ijms18081686

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The enhancing effects mediated by the mitochondrial fraction of AA in cells exposed to peroxynitrite: proposed mechanism. AA increases the vulnerability of complex III to peroxynitrite via a Ca²⁺-independent mechanism. The extramitochondrial effects observed under these conditions are caused by superoxide released by complex III in the intermembrane space, which readily dismutates to a diffusible species, H₂O₂. The intramitochondrial effects are instead mediated by superoxide formation in the matrix followed by its conversion to H₂O₂.