Table 1.
Anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical parameters of the studied children.
| Normal-BMI | Obese | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 236 | 286 | |
| Anthropometry | |||
| Sex (M/F) | 133/103 | 146/140 | 0.252 |
| Age (y) | 9.72 ± 0.16 | 9.43 ± 0.15 | 0.188 |
| Tanner Stage (Prepuber/Puber) | |||
| Male | 113/20 | 122/24 | |
| Female | 83/20 | 108/32 | |
| Weight (kg) | 32.9 ± 0.7 | 55.9 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Height (m) | 1.37 ± 0.01 | 1.41 ± 0.01 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.14 ± 0.13 | 27.59 ± 0.24 | <0.001 |
| BMI z-Score | −0.17 ± 0.04 | 3.50 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 60.3 ± 0.5 | 84.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Clinical and Metabolic Biomarkers | |||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 98 ± 1 | 111 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 60 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 84 ± 1 | 85 ± 1 | 0.816 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 5.89 ± 0.23 | 11.53 ± 0.52 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.26 ± 0.05 | 2.45 ± 0.12 | <0.001 |
| QUICKI | 0.383 ± 0.003 | 0.347 ± 0.002 | <0.001 |
| Triacylglycerols (mg/dL) | 55 ± 1 | 75 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Apo-AI (mg/dL) | 149 ± 2 | 132 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Apo-B (mg/dL) | 67 ± 1 | 71 ± 1 | 0.006 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171 ± 2 | 165 ± 2 | 0.024 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 64 ± 1 | 51 ± 1 | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 94 ± 2 | 97 ± 2 | 0.136 |
| AST (U/L) | 23.70 ± 0.48 | 21.23 ± 0.40 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/L) | 16.80 ± 0.57 | 20.88 ± 0.51 | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/L) | 8.44 ± 0.27 | 10.90 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Adiponectin (mg/L) | 28.23 ± 0.77 | 22.53 ± 0.66 | <0.001 |
| Resistin (μg/L) | 9.67 ± 0.34 | 11.77 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
| Leptin (μg/L) | 4.30 ± 0.26 | 23.15 ± 0.87 | <0.001 |
| Inflammation Biomarkers | |||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 0.97 ± 0.23 | 3.44 ± 0.25 | <0.001 |
| Interleukin 6 (ng/L) | 4.55 ± 0.54 | 7.03 ± 0.76 | 0.008 |
| Interleukin 8 (ng/L) | 1.57 ± 0.11 | 2.17 ± 0.15 | 0.002 |
| TNF-α (ng/L) | 3.04 ± 0.11 | 4.00 ± 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular Disease Risk Biomarkers | |||
| MMP-9 (μg/L) | 79.72 ± 3.17 | 87.98 ± 3.92 | 0.714 |
| MPO (μg/L) | 13.18 ± 1.18 | 21.70 ±1.73 | <0.001 |
| sE selectin (μg/L) | 22.91 ± 0.77 | 31.36 ± 1.06 | <0.001 |
| sICAM-1 (mg/L) | 0.153 ± 0.004 | 0.174 ± 0.005 | <0.001 |
| Active PAI-1 (μg/L) | 5.07 ± 0.26 | 11.92 ± 0.58 | <0.001 |
| Total PAI-1 (μg/L) | 18.82 ± 0.85 | 27.11 ± 1.12 | <0.001 |
Mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). M: male; F: female; y: year; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; Apo: apolipoprotein; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor alpha; MMP-9: metalloproteinase-9; MPO: myeloperoxidase; sICAM-1: soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1, PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor.