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Failure modes of the dentine-GIC (glass ionomer cement) interface under scanning electronic microscope (SEM) at 1000× magnification. Adhesive failure: conventional GIC (1a); Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP)-modified GIC (2a); resin-modified GIC (3a). Mixed failure: conventional GIC (1b); CPP-ACP-modified GIC (2b); resin-modified GIC (3b). Cohesive failure: conventional GIC (1c); CPP-ACP-modified GIC (2c); resin-modified GIC (3c).
