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. 2017 Aug 18;18(8):1798. doi: 10.3390/ijms18081798

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Astrocyte and polarized localization of AQP-4. (A): Expression of AQP-4 in the brain is highly polarized to endfeet of astrocytes at two specific locations, the glia limitans externa (GLE) at the cortical surface and peri-capillary Virchow-Robin space (VRS). VRS constitutes fluid-filled canals surrounding perforating arteries, capillaries, and veins in brain parenchyma. While pia mater ends near the brain surface, VRS continues into the brain parenchyma accompanying a perforating artery; (B): Astrocyte endfeet attach to many structures. However, AQP-4 is found only at the GLE and VRS.