Table 2.

In vivo models for the study of HBV and HCV

Applicability of model	Chimpanzees	Tupaia	Mouse models
			Genetically humanized model	Stem-cell- derived human hepatocytes*	Human immune system*‡	Mouse immune system*‡
HBV infection	Yes	Yes	Not reported	Not reported	Yes	Yes
HCV infection	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Liver disease	Yes, but mild	Yes, but transient	Possible	No	Possible	No
Development of immunotherapeutics	Yes	Yes	No	No	Possible	No
Antiviral testing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Vaccine testing	Yes	No	No	No	Possible	No
Availability	Very low	Low	Moderate	Low	Very low	Moderate

Not including HBV-related or HCV-related viruses in other animals models.

^*Xenotransplantation.

^‡Engrafted with primary human hepatocytes.