Table 2. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the study cohort at each follow-up.
| Cohort at each follow-up | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Cases (n = 21) | Cases (n = 19) | Cases (n = 16) | Controls (n = 69) | Controls (n = 66) | Controls (n = 63) |
| Baseline | 1st follow-up | 2nd follow-up | Baseline | 1st follow-up | 2nd follow-up | |
| Number of months since baseline median [IQR] | - | 3.0 [3.0–4.0] | 6.0 [6.0–8.0] | - | 4.0 [3.0–4.0] | 9.0 [6.0–12.0] |
| Males (%) | 15 (71.4%) | 13 (68.4%) | 12 (75.0%) | 46 (66.7%) | 45 (68.1%) | 44 (69.8%) |
| Weight [kg] (SD) | 102.6 (± 23.8) | 106.9 (± 23.1) | 108.5 (± 21.6) | 91.3 (± 15.2) | 91.0 (± 14.6) | 91.4 (± 14.4) |
| BMI [Body Mass Index] [kg/m2] (SD) | 34.0 (± 8.3) | 35.3 (± 8.4) | 35.6 (± 8.2) | 31.8 (± 4.80) | 31.4(± 4.7) | 31.7 (± 4.8) |
| Body Fat Percentage [% bf] (SD) | 28.5 (± 13.7) | 27.5 (± 13.5) | 26.0 (± 14.3) | 27.8 (± 12.6) | 27.5 (± 1.3) | 29.6 (± 13.0) |
| Waist Circumference [cm] (SD) | 113.5 (± 17.9) | 106.0 (± 17.8) | 109.0 (± 22.1) | 106.6 (± 11.2) | 105.0(± 10.0) | 105.0 (± 10.2) |
| Hip Circumference[cm] (SD) | 110.7 (± 18.9) | 104.7 (± 9.7) | 108.0 (± 11.3) | 105.8 (± 10.2) | 103.0 (± 9.3) | 103.0 (± 9.3) |
| Stance phase duration (ms) (SD) | 836 (± 115) | 747 (± 99) | 799 (± 137) | 749 (± 93) | 743 (± 57) | 736 (± 56) |
| Ulcer grade (UTWCS) [33] | ||||||
| A0 | - | 2 (10.5%) | 4 (25.0%) | |||
| A1 | 16 (76.2%) | 14 (73.7%) | 8 (50.0%) | |||
| A2 | 3 (14.2%) | 1 (5.3%) | 1 (6.2%) | |||
| A3 | - | - | - | |||
| B1 | 1 (4.7%) | 2 (10.5%) | 3 (18.8%) | |||
| B2 | 1 (4.7%) | - | - | |||
| Average ulcer area (mm2)* | 20.3 (± 18.8) | 19.9 (± 18.0) | 23.3 (± 21.6) | |||
Data represents mean (± standard deviation; SD) or number and percentages (%), or median and [inter-quartile range; IQR]. Cases = foot ulcer group, controls = diabetes mellitus control group without foot ulcers. UTWCS = University of Texas Wound Classification Score. A0 = healed ulcer with complete epithelisation, A1 = superficial ulcer, A2 = ulcer which is down to the level of soft tissue, A3 = ulcer which is down to the level of bone, B1 = infected superficial ulcer, B2 = infected ulcer which is down to the level of soft tissue.
* Ulcer area was calculated excluding healed ulcers.