Fig. 3.

SAL reduced markers of oxidative stress after single blast. A significant increase in protein carbonyl levels was measured at 24 h post-sTBI (**P<0.01 vs Vehicle); SAL treatment significantly attenuated carbonyl levels (#P<0.01 vs sTBI) (A). A significant increase in superoxide levels was measured at 24 h post-sTBI (*P<0.05 vs Vehicle); SAL treatment significantly attenuated superoxide levels (##P<0.01 vs sTBI) (B). No significant differences were observed in total ROS levels (P<0.05) (C). We observed a significant increase in NOX4 (green) fluorescence at 24 h post-sTBI (***P<0.001 vs Vehicle); SAL significantly reduced NOX4 fluorescence (##P<0.01) (n=4). NOX4 images include nuclear counterstain DAPI (blue) (D). Images are from the striatum. Images are displayed at 20 ×; insets at 63 ×. (Scale bars =30 μm). One-way ANOVA, Newman-Keul’s post hoc. Mean±S.E.M. n=4.