Table 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Comorbid Conditions of Patients
| Study, Year (Reference) | Diagnosis Method | Assessment | Country | Patients, n | Female | Patients, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shinkawa et al, 1995 (15) | Autopsy | Nonprospective | Japan | 543* | 45.3 | |
| Yamanouchi et al, 1997 (16) | Autopsy | Nonprospective | Japan | 367 | 50.7 | |
| Petersen et al, 1989 (19) | CT | Nonprospective | Denmark | 60 | – | |
| Petersen et al, 1989 (32) | CT | Nonprospective | Denmark | 58 | – | |
| Feinberg et al, 1990 (17) | CT | Nonprospective | United States | 141 | 20.6 | |
| Guidotti et al, 1990 (18) | CT | Nonprospective | Italy | 144 | 61.1 | |
| Ezekowitz et al, 1995 (33) | CT | Prospective and nonprospective | United States | 516 | 0 | |
| Zito et al, 1996 (34) | CT | Nonprospective | Italy | 78 | 61.5 | |
| Hara et al, 1995 (35) | MRI | Nonprospective | Japan | 72 | 29.2 | |
| Longstreth et al, 2002 (14) | MRI 1.5T or 0.35T†† | Prospective and nonprospective | United States | 1433 | – | |
| Vermeer et al, 2003 (23) | MRI 1.5T | Nonprospective | The Netherlands | 1015 | 51.8 | |
| Strach et al, 2005 (29) | MRI 1.5T | Prospective and nonprospective | Germany | 51 | 41.2 | |
| Das et al, 2008 (11) | MRI 1T | Nonprospective | United States | 2040 | 53.0 | |
| Kim et al, 2011 (13) | MRI 1.5T | Nonprospective | Republic of Korea | 406 | 61.6 | |
| Kobayashi et al, 2012 (36) | MRI 1.5T | Nonprospective | Japan | 142 | 32.4 | |
| Marfella et al, 2013 (12) | MRI 1.5T | Nonprospective | Italy | 464 | 48.7 | |
| Saito et al, 2014 (37) | MRI 1.5T | Nonprospective | Japan | 243 | 37 |
| Mean Age of Patients (SD), y | CAS, % | DM, % | Hypertension, % | HF, % | CAD, % | HLP, % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCI: 78.3 (9.5) No SCI: 67.1 (17.9) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| AF: 83.5 (7.1) No AF: 83.6 (7.1) |
– | 14.2 | 59.4 | – | 20.7† | – |
| 64 (42–82)‡§ | – | – | – | – | 0 | – |
| 73 (57–87)‡§ | – | – | – | – | 0 | – |
| 68 (10) | – | 18.0 | 43.0 | 24.0 | 13† | – |
| AF: 68 (53–76)‡ No AF: 68 (54–77)‡ |
13.9 | 8.3 | 27.8 | 0 | 0 | 16.7 |
| SCI: 69.3 (6.8) No SCI: 67.0 (7.2) |
3.7‖ | 17.6 | 57.9 | 30.8 | 40.71¶ | – |
| AF: 80.6 (4.5) No AF: 80.4 (4.7) |
0** | 24.4 | 33.3 | 51.3 | – | – |
| SCI: 69 (6) No SCI: 68 (8) |
– | 9.7 | 29.2 | – | 0 | 19.4 |
| ≥65 (patients with no incident infarctions: 73.5; with incident infarctions: 74.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 72 (7) | – | 7.0 | 72.0 | – | – | – |
| Study group‡‡: 63 (10) Control group§§: 59 (12) |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| 62 (9) | 15.0‖‖ | 8.7 | 37.0 | – | – | – |
| 64.4 (10.6) | – | 22.4 | 46.3 | – | 3.4 | 25.4 |
| AF: 74.4 (9.9) No AF: 73.7 (8.2) |
– | 27.5 | 60.6 | – | – | 38.7 |
| AF: 50 (5) No AF: 51 (6) |
– | 100 | – | – | – | – |
| AF: 69.4 (9.2) No AF: 69.0 (9.5) |
– | 21.4 | 47.7 | – | – | 25.1¶¶ |
AF = atrial fibrillation; CAD = coronary artery disease; CAS = carotid artery stenosis; CT = computed tomography; DM = diabetes mellitus; HF = heart failure; HLP = hyperlipidemia; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; SCI = silent cerebral infarction.
Of 713 patients (125 in the SCI group and 588 in the group with no infarctions), only 543 (103 in SCI group and 440 in the group with no infarctions) were assessed for traditional risk factors for SCI, such as AF.
CAD was defined as myocardial infarction.
Median age (range).
Values are reported for patients with AF. Control patients did not have AF and were matched for age and sex with those with AF.
Stenosis ≥75% by ultrasonography.
CAD was defined as myocardial infarction and active angina.
Excluded irregular fibrocalcific ulcerative plaques or stenosis >50%.
From an original study of magnetic resonance abnormalities and cardiovascular disease in older adults (38).
The study group included patients with AF and echocardiographic evidence of left atrial thrombi.
The control group included patients with AF but no echocardiographic evidence of left atrial thrombi.
CAS ≥25%.
Statin therapy.