Table 1.

Participant characteristics according to reported fried food consumption in early pregnancy, Seattle and Tacoma, WA, Omega Cohort Study

	Total Fried Food				Fried Fish				Fried Chicken					Fried Potatoes				Snack Chips				Doughnuts
	<1 serving/ week	1–3 servings/ week	>3 servings/ week	P for trend	None	≤ 1 serving/ month	>1 servings/ month	P for trend	None	≤ 1 serving/ month	>1 servings/ month	P for trend		None	≤ 1 serving/ month	>1 servings/ month	P Value	None	≤ 1 serving/ month	>1 servings/ month	P Value	None	≤ 1 serving/ month	>1 servings/ month	P Value
Subjects													Subjects
N	793	1572	1049		2,212	708	494		2348	653	413		N	438	646	2,330		727	374	2,313		1,288	682	1,444
%	23.2	46.1	30.7		64.8	20.7	14.47		68.78	19.13	12.10		%	12.83	18.92	68.25		21.3	11.0	67.8		37.7	20.0	42.3
Maternal Age(y)	33.4±4.0	32.9±4.2	32.2±4.6	<0.001	32.9±4.3	32.8±4.5	32.5±4.3	0.085	33.1±4.13	32.5±4.42	31.8±5.0	<0.001	Maternal Age(y)	33.7±4.41	33.3±4.22	32.5±4.3	<0.001	33.2±4.11	33.0±4.44	32.7±4.36	0.001	33.0±4.3	32.9±4.2	32.6±4.4	0.042
Pre - pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.8 ±4.1	23.5 ±4.7	23.9 ±4.8	<0.001	23.3±4.4	23.6±4.7	24.2±5.31	<0.001	23.1±4.23	23.8±4.74	25.0±5.92	<0.001	Pre - pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)	22.9±4.5	22.9±4.0	23.7±4.8	<0.001	23.0 4 ±4.3	23.6±4.6 1	23.6±4.70	0.014	23.1±4.3	23.4±4.3	23.8±4.9	<0.001
Gestational Age at delivery (w)	39.0±1.8	38.9 ±2.0	38.8±2.0	0.112	38.9±1.96	38.9±1.90	38.8±1.96	0.478	38.9±2.0	38.8±1.60	38.6±2.19	0.005	Gestational Age at delivery (w)	39.0±1.7 8	38.7±2.29	38.9±1.8 8	0.795	38.9±1.72	39.0±1.89	38. 9 ±2.03	0.467	38.9±1.91	38.8±2.15	38.8±1.90	0.210
White (%)	88.9	86.8	85.1	0.013	89.7	84.9	76.5	<0.001	91.23	80.9	70.7	<0.001	White (%)	88.81	88.24	86.0	0.062	82.94	88.5	87.7	0.009	88.7	86.7	85.11	0.060
Post - High School Education (%)	98.1	97.3	95.7	0.010	96.8	97.1	97.5	0.719	97.7	97.1	92.42	<0.001	Post - High School Education (%)	97.9	97.31	96.7	0.378	97.9	98.6	96.4	0.021	97.6	97.7	96.01	0.025
Married (%)	92.2	93.9	90.6	0.006	93.04	92.5	89.9	0.055	93.5	92.04	87.41	<0.001	Married (%)	92.7	93.34	92.2	0.605	92.2	92.0	92.7	0.844	92.24	94.0	92.0	0.236
Nulliparous (%)	66.1	61.4	61.0	0.047	62.84	59.8	64.0	0.244	65.7	56.51	52.8	<0.001	Nulliparous (%)	71.23	61.8	60.9	<0.001	62. 6 0	63.90	62.04	0.780	65.7	61.88	59.63	0.005
Smoked during pregnancy (%)	3.53	5.12	7.67	0.002	4.66	7.31	6.95	0.039	4.78	5.88	9.39	0.001	Smoked during pregnancy (%)	4.09	3.33	6.42	0.014	4.96	5.03	5.80	0.504	4.41	3.64	7.44	<0.001
Physically activity (%)	90.4	89.2	86.1	0.011	88.3	89.53	88.2	0.652	89.4	87.1	85.9	0.069	Physically activity (%)	89.7	89.13	88.12	0.575	89.55	89.9	87.96	0.370	89.11	89.2	87.7	0.427
Family history of diabetes (%)	10.8	13.7	15.3	0.022	12.97	12.57	17.41	0.024	11.88	18.22	15.50	<0.001	Family history of diabetes (%)	11.2	11.61	14.51	0.050	12.93	14.44	13.58	0.782	12.66	14.1	14.1	0.507
Total energy intake (kcal)	1484±505	1675 ±528	1980±548	<0.001	1678±541	1776±577	1856±593	< 0.001	1706±545	1704±573	1856±612	<0.001	Total energy intake (kcal)	1557±512	1617±529	1785±567	<0.001	1566±573	1657±543	1784±549	<0.001	1580±543	1677±504	1874±564	<0.001
% calories from total fat	27.5±6.80	30.5 ±5.53	33.2±5.4	<0.001	29.8±6.3	31.6±5.7	32.8±5.56	<0.001	57.0±22.6	60.2±23.5	68.1±25.7	<0.001	% calories from total fat	47.6±19.5	52.7±20.8	62.8±23.7	<0.001	49.4±22.5	54.8±20.7	62.6±23.2	<0.001	51.6±21.8	57.0±20.4	66.4±23.9	<0.001
% calories from satured fat	10.0±3.14	11.2 ±2.7	12.0±2.6	<0.001	10.9±2.94	11.5±2.79	11.6±2.64	<0.001	10.9±2.94	11.51±2.8	11.7±2.47	<0.001	% calories from satured fat	10.0±3.06	10. 7 ±2.95	11. 5 ±2.8	<0.001	10.3 3 ±3.2	10.9±2.79	11.5±2.75	<0.001	10.6±3.09	11.1±2.70	11.7±2.67	<0.001
% calories from protein	17.8±3.20	17.5 ±2.70	16.7±2.5	<0.001	17.3±2.95	17.3±2.40	17.4±2.53	0.503	17.3±2.8	17.32±2.7	17.40±2.6	0.843	% calories from protein	17.91±3.3	17.51±2.87	17.2±2.65	<0.001	17.8±3.16	17.84±2.7	17.1±2.65	<0.001	17.3±3.02	17.3±2.71	17.0±2.56	<0.001
% calories from carbohydrates	56.25±8.5	53.1 ±6.90	51.0±6.36	<0.001	54.14±7.5	52.1±6.62	50.6±6.8	<0.001	54.0±7.39	52.0±7.27	50.53±6.6	<0.001	% calories from carbohydrates	56.0±8. 60	54.62±7.55	52.3±6. 90	<0.001	55.3±8.61	53.4±7.40	52.5±6.81	<0.001	54.2±8.12	53.2±7.4	52.3±6.51	<0.001
Alcohol (g/day)*	0.60 ±2.8	0.82 ±3.83	0.87 ±3.5	0.123	0.73±3.68	0.79±3.0	1.02±3.48	0.125	0.86±3.86	0.71±2.75	0.48±2.27	0.036	Alcohol (g/day)*	0.65±2.52	0.61±3.32	0.86±3.71	0.118	0.77±3.86	0.78±3.3	0.79±3.43	0.882	0.74±3.75	0.87±3.56	0.78±3.25	0.790
Total fiber (g/day)*	18.12±7.7	18.3 ±7.50	19.1±7.01	0.004	18.7±7.44	18.3±7.31	18.2±7.4	0.111	19±7.47	17.5±7.08	17.3±7.2	<0.001	Total fiber (g/day)*	19.01±7.8	18.4±7. 20	18.5±7.40	0.280	18.2±7.95	18.6±7.65	18.62±7.2	0.186	18.01±7.7	18.5±7.36	19.0±7.12	0.001
Red and Processed meat (serv/day)	0.44±0.40	0.62 ±0.43	0.81±0.53	<0.001	0.59±0.47	0.71±0.46	0.77±0.52	<0.001	0.37±0.32	0.48±0.34	0.57±0.39	<0.001	Red and Processed meat (serv/day)	0.46±0.44	0.51±0.42	0.71±0.49	<0.001	0.53±0.46	0.59±0.46	0.68±0.48	<0.001	0.55±0.45	0.62±0.46	0.73±0.50	<0.001
Fruits and Vegetables (serv/day)	4.61±2.33	4.32 ±2.28	4.07±2.07	<0.001	4.39±2.26	4.18±2.19	4.13±2.18	0.005	4.46±2.24	4.0±2.14	4.0±2.32	<0.001	Fruits and Vegetables (serv/day)	4.90±2.42	4.50±2.24	4.15±2.18	<0.001	4. 50 ±2.48	4.46±2.03	4.23±2.19	0.003	4.43±2.41	4.32±2.10	4.20±2.15	0.005
Sugar Sweetened Beverages (serv/day)	0.07±0.26	0.11 ±0.25	0.23±0.44	<0.001	0.13±0.34	0.15±0.31	0.18±0.30	0.001	0.12±0.32	0.15±0.31	0.22±0.41	<0.001	Sugar Sweetened Beverages (serv/day)	0.07±0.33	0.09±0.26	0.17±0.34	<0.001	0.09±0.29	0.10±0.23	0.16±0.35	<0.001	0.11±0.28	0.13±0.40	0.17±0.33	<0.001

Data are Means ± SD or Percentage.

^*Energy adjusted (2,000 kcal/day). For continuous variables, P-value was calculated using the one-way ANOVA; for categorical variables, P-value was calculated using the Chi-square test.