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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Epidemiol. 2017 May 12;27(6):384–390.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.05.006

Table 2.

Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for developing GDM according to total fried food consumption, Seattle and Tacoma, WA, Omega Cohort Study

<1 serving/week 1–3 servings/week >3 servings/week P for trend
Total Fried Food consumption
N 793 1572 1049
Cases (%) 38 (4.79) 71 (4.52) 60 (5.72)
Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) 1.00 (Ref) 0.97 (0.66, 1.40) 1.30 (0.85, 1.99) 0.209
1Adjusted RR (95% CI) 1.00 (Ref) 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) 1.32 (0.83, 2.11) 0.228
2Adjusted RR (95% CI) 1.00 (Ref) 0.92 (0.61, 1.38) 1.26 (0.79, 2.01) 0.300
1

Adjusted for daily energy intake, maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol, coffee, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meats, calcium, dietary magnesium and vitamin D intake.

2

Further adjusted for pre-pregnancy overweight status.