Table 3.
Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for developing GDM according to type of deep-fried foods, Seattle and Tacoma, WA, Omega Cohort Study
| None | ≤1 serving/month | >1 servings/month | P - trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| Fried fish | ||||
| N | 2,212 | 708 | 494 | |
| Cases (%) | 97 (4.39) | 32 (4.52) | 40 (8.10) | |
| Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.55) | 1.89 (1.32, 2.71) | 0.003 |
| 1 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.54) | 1.73 (1.19, 2.52) | 0.013 |
| 2 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.99 (0.66, 1.49) | 1.68 (1.16, 2.45) | 0.019 |
|
| ||||
| Fried chicken | ||||
|
| ||||
| N | 2, 348 | 653 | 413 | |
| Cases (%) | 94 (4.0) | 40 (6.13) | 35 (8.5) | |
| Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.53 (1.07, 2.19) | 2.16 (1.48, 3.14) | <0.001 |
| 1 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.48 (1.02, 2.16) | 2.06 (1.39, 3.05) | <0.001 |
| 2 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.44 (0.98, 2.09) | 1.81 (1.22, 2.70) | 0.002 |
|
| ||||
| Fried potatoes | ||||
|
| ||||
| N | 438 | 646 | 2330 | |
| Cases (%) | 24 (5.48) | 32 (4.95) | 113 (4.85) | |
| Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.52) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.39) | 0.683 |
| 1 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.97 (0.56, 1.67) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.47) | 0.710 |
| 2 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.02 (0.59, 1.75) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.47) | 0.662 |
|
| ||||
| Snack chips | ||||
|
| ||||
| N | 727 | 374 | 2313 | |
| Cases (%) | 38 (5.23) | 22 (5.88) | 109 (4.71) | |
| Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.13 (0.68, 1.90) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.33) | 0.548 |
| 1 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.16 (0.67, 2.01) | 1.04 (0.71, 1.54) | 0.897 |
| 2 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.62, 1.87) | 1.03 (0.70, 1.52) | 0.894 |
|
| ||||
| Doughnuts | ||||
|
| ||||
| N | 1,288 | 682 | 1444 | |
| Cases (%) | 64 (4.97) | 37 (5.43) | 68 (4.71) | |
| Energy Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.64) | 0.97 (0.69, 1.37) | 0.868 |
| 1 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.06 (0.70, 1.56) | 0.85 (0.59, 1.22) | 0.363 |
| 2 Adjusted RR (95% CI) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.69, 1.55) | 0.83 (0.58, 1.19) | 0.306 |
1
Adjusted for daily energy intake, maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, family history of diabetes, physical activity, alcohol, coffee, sugar-sweetened beverages, red and processed meats, total fiber intake, fatty fish, calcium, dietary magnesium and vitamin D intake.
2
Further adjusted for pre-pregnancy overweight status.